Checklist of Theridiidae (Araneae) of America north of Mexico
Compiled by Michael L. Draney
Department of Natural and Applied Sciences
University of Wisconsin-Green Bay
Green Bay, WI 54311
Version: 13 September 2001
This list is an alphabetical listing of genera and species within genera, for all valid theridiid taxa, indigenous and introduced, known to occur in North America north of Mexico. Generic placements follow Platnick (1997, 2001). Number in brackets after each genus refers to the number of species in our region. Global distribution is from Platnick (1997), unless noted. A selected synonymy follows each species entry; this should allow workers to correctly identify synonyms in the literature (but not necessarily to track the source of each synonym or its complete history; for that, see Platnick 2001, or the relevant revisions). Both sexes of each species are known unless otherwise noted. Following each species is a list of states and provinces in which the species is known to occur; these records are from revisionary work (if the species has been included in such), the compilations listed, or from the original description. The earliest known record of occurrence from other sources are cited after the state or province; all cited sources are included in the bibliography.
Levi and Randolph (1975) list 229-234 species from 27 genera. The present work lists 249 species from 31 genera. This represents about 11% of 2,208 world species (5th most diverse spider family globally) and 41% of the 74 world genera (Platnick 2000). Our fauna includes at least thirteen species (Achaearanea acoreensis, Chrysso pulcherrima, Coleosoma adamsoni, Enoplognatha ovata, Enoplognatha thoracica, Latrodectus geometricus, Nesticodes rufipes, Steatoda bipunctata, Steatoda castanea, Steatoda grossa, Steatoda triangulosa, Theridion bimaculatum, Theridion varians) that are thought to have been introduced since European colonization. Twelve species are known only from males (Dipoena appalachia, Dipoena cathedralis, Dipoena washougalia, Euryopis pepini, Euryopis spiritus, Euryopis tavara, Euryopis weesei, Robertus arcticus, Theridion cinctipes, Theridion ellicottense, Theridion sarde, Theridion yuma), and twenty three species are known only from females (Achaearanea ambera, Chrosiothes iviei, Dipoena bernardino, Dipoena chathami, Dipoena dorsata, Dipoena lana, Dipoena neotoma, Dipoena provalis, Dipoena rita, Euryopis varis, Robertus crosbyi, Robertus floridensis, Robertus similis, Styposis ajo, Theridion aeolium, Theridion cameronense, Theridion cowlesae, Theridion gertschi, Theridion kawea, Theridion lowriei, Theridion timpanogos, Thymoites sarasota, Thymoites sclerotis).
Abbreviations for US States follow
the US Postal Service. Abbreviations
for Canadian Provinces and Territories are as follows:
Alberta AB
British Columbia BC
Labrador LB
Manitoba MB
New Brunswick NB
Newfoundland NF
Northwest Territories NT
Nova Scotia NS
Ontario ON
Prince Edward Island PE
Quebec QC
Saskatchewan SK
Yukon YT
In April 1999 arctic Canada’s
Northwest Territories was split into an eastern division, Nunavut, and a
western one, Western NWT. I have not,
for lack of time, and because Canada Post has not yet established a separate
postal designator for Nunavut, sorted NT records to reflect these new political
boundaries (D. Buckle, personal communication).
The compiler wishes to dedicate this list to Dr. Herbert W. Levi, whose thorough revisionary work forms the basis for our present knowledge of the North American theridiid fauna, as the bibliography attests.
acoreensis (Berland, 1932) Cosmopolitan [introduced into N. Am]
Theridion acoreensis Berland, 1932
Achaearanea geochares Levi, 1955
Achaearanea teja Levi, 1967
BC [Buckle & Paquin 2001], CA [Probably introduced with grapes; Levi 1963]
ambera Levi, 1963 USA
Female only.
UT, WY
canionis (Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1929) USA
Theridion canionis Chamberlin & Gertsch 1929 (female)
AZ, CA, TX [Richman & Cutler, website], UT
chiracahua Levi, 1955 USA
AZ
conjuncta (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) USA
Theridion inornatum Banks, 1899 (preoccupied)
Theridion conjuncta Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 (male)
FL, LA, MS, NC, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TX [Vogel, 1970]
florendida Levi, 1959 USA to Venezuela
A. florens (O. P.-Cambridge) [Misidentified]
TX
florens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) USA to Panama, Cuba
Theridion florens O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 (female)
Achaearanea mendax (O. P.-Cambridge, 1899)
[listed as synonym of florendida in Randolph & Levi 1975; Misidentified]
TX
fresno Levi, 1955 USA
CA
globosa (Hentz, 1850) North America
Theridion globosum Hentz, 1850
Hentziectypus globusus (Hentz, 1850)
AL, AR [Dorris, 1985], CT, DC, FL, GA, IA, IL, KY, LA, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, PA, QC, SC [Draney, unpub. data], TN, TX, WI
insulsa (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) USA, Mexico
Theridion insulsum Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 (female)
TX
ohlerti (Thorell, 1870) Holarctic
Theridion ohlertii Thorell, 1870
Achaearanea umbratica (L. Koch, 1872, transferred from Theridion)
Achaearanea simulata (Emerton, 1926, transferred from Theridion)
AB, AK, BC, CA, CO, ID, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MT, NM, NT, OR, QC, UT, WY
porteri (Banks, 1896) USA to Panama, West Indies
Theridion porteri Banks, 1896
Cryptachaea porteri (Banks, 1896)
Achaearanea portoricensis (Banks, 1896)
Achaearanea redempta (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936, transferred from Theridion)
Achaearanea catrapetraea (Gertsch & Archer, 1942)
Cryptachaea catapetraeum Archer, 1946
AL, AR, FL, GA, IN, KS, KY, LA, MO, NC, NY, OH, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, VA
rupicola (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada
Theridion rupicola Emerton, 1882
Cryptachaea rupicola (Emerton, 1882)
AL, CT, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, ON, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC, TN, TX, VA, WI
schullei (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) USA, Mexico
Theridion schullei Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936
Theridion credula Gertsch & Davis, 1936
Achaearanea credula (Gertsch & Davis, 1936)
Hentziectypus credulus Archer, 1950 (Transferred male from Theridion)
AZ, CA, FL, TX
serenoae (Gertsch & Archer, 1942) USA
Cryptachaea serenoae (Gertsch & Archer, 1942, trans. from Theridion)
AL, FL
tabulata Levi, 1980 Holarctic
Achaearanea nipponica Yoshida, 1983
ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
tepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841) Cosmopolitan
Achaearanea pallida (Walckenaer, 1841, transferred from Theridion) Theridion tepidariorum C. L. Koch, 1841
Parasteatoda tepidariorum Archer, 1946 (transferred from Theridion)
Theridium tepidariorum Izmailova, 1989 (female)
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AL, AR, AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], BC, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NS, NY, OH, ON, OR, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, TX, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV
analyticus (Chamberlin, 1924) USA, Mexico
Theridion analyticum Chamberlin, 1924
Anelosimus dorsatulus (Roewer, 1942, transferred from Linyphia)
AZ? [noted as doubtful in Richman & Cutler, website], CA
studiosus (Hentz, 1850) USA to Argentina
Theridion studiosum Hentz, 1850
Anelosimus dubius (Chamberlin, 1916, transferred from Enoplognatha)
Anelosimus fraternus Bryant, 1948
Anelosimus magnificus (Keyserling, 1884, transferred from Theridion)
Anelosimus textrix (Walckenaer, 1841)
AL, AR [Dorris, 1985, as A. textrix], CT, DC, GA, FL, LA, MD, MS, NC, SC, TN, TX, VA
americanus (Taczanowski, 1874) USA to Brazil
Conopistha americanus (Taczanowski, 1874, transferred from Ero)
Argyrodes trituberculatus Becker, 1879
Argyrodes ululabilis Keyserling, 1891
Argyrodes argenteolus O. P.-Cambridge, 1894
Argyrodes indignus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936
Argyrodes parvior Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936
FL, MS, TX
baboquivari Exline & Levi, 1962 USA, Mexico
AZ, NM [Richman & Cutler, website]
cancellatus (Hentz, 1850) USA, Canada, Bahama Is.
Theridion cancellatum Hentz, 1850
AL, AR, CT, DC, FL, KY, LA, MO, MS, NC, NH, NY, OH, ON, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA
caudatus (Taczanowski, 1874) USA, West Indies to Argentina
Ero caudata Taczanowski, 1874
Argyrodes felix O. P.-Cambridge, 1880
Argyrodes sextuberculatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1880
Argyrodes vexus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936
Argyrodes cylindricus Franganillo, 1936
Argyrodes manta (Exline, 1945)
TX, FL
davisi Exline & Levi, 1962 USA, Mexico
TX
dracus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 USA to Paraguay
AL
elevatus Taczanowski, 1873 USA to Argentina, Galapagos Is.
Argyrodes concinnus O. P.-Cambridge, 1880
Argyrodes jucundus O. P.-Cambridge, 1880
Argyrodes lugens O. P.-Cambridge, 1880
Argyrodes decorus Banks, 1908
Argyrodes biclavis Chamberlin, 1924
Argyrodes cingulatus Petrunkevitch, 1925
Argyrodes falcatus Badcock, 1932
Argyrodes rotundus Caporiacco, 1938
Argyrodes elongatus (Bryant, 1940)
Argyrodes argentinus (Mello-Leitao, 1941)
Argyrodes friburgensis (Mello-Leitao, 1943)
Argyrodes pickeli (Mello-Leiotao, 1943)
Argyrodes fur (Restrepo, 1944)
Argyrodes simplex Caporiacco, 1954
AL, CA, FL, GA, LA, MO, MS, NC, SC, TX, VA
fictilium (Hentz, 1850) Canada to Argentina
Rhomphaea fictilium (Hentz, 1850, transferred from Theridion)
Argyrodes remotus (Bryant, 1940)
AL, AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CA, CT, FL, GA, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ME, MN [Heimer et al. 1983], MO, MS, NC, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, OR, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, WA
furcatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1894) USA to El Salvador, West Indies
Ariamnes furcata O. P.-Cambridge, 1894
Argyrodes bifissus (F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902)
Argyrodes frontatus Banks, 1908
AL, CA, FL, GA, MS, SC, TX
globosus Keyserling, 1884 USA to Ecuador
Argyrodes argenteomaculatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1896
Argyrodes rorerae (Exline, 1945)
AL, FL, LA, SC, TX
maculosus O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 USA, Mexico
FL
nephilae Taczanowski, 1873 USA, West Indies to Argentina, Galapagos Is.
Argyrodes cambridgei Keyserling, 1891
Argyrodes banksi Petrunkevitch, 1911
AR [Dorris, 1968], FL, MS [Dorris, 1972], SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985]
pluto Banks, 1905 USA, Mexico, Jamaica
Argyrodes oculus (Muma, 1944)
MD, MO, TX, VA
projiciens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) USA to Argentina, India
Rhomphaea projiciens O. P.-Cambridge, 1896
Argyrodes spinosus (Badcock, 1932)
Argyrodes feioi (Mello-Leitao, 1947)
Argyrodes martinae (Exline, 1950)
FL, TX
subdolus O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 USA to Guatemala
Argyrodes linguatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 (removed from synonymy of Argyrodes obtusus)
AZ, TX
trigonum (Hentz, 1850) USA, Canada
Theridion trigonum Hentz, 1850
Conopistha rufa Walckenaer 1841
AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, KY, MD, MA, ME, MI, MO, MS, NC, NH, NH, NY, OH, ON, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, VA, WI, WV
chirica (Levi, 1954) USA, Mexico
Theridiotis chirica Levi, 1954
AZ, CO, UT
iviei Levi, 1964 USA
Female only.
CA
jenningsi Piel, 1995 USA
WV
jocosus (Gertsch & Davis, 1936) USA, Mexico
Theridiotus jocosa (Gertsch & Davis 1936, transferred from Dipoena)
TX
minusculus (Gertsch, 1936) USA, Mexico
Theridiotus miniscula (Gertsch, 1936, transferred from Episinus)
TX
portalensis Levi, 1964 USA, Mexico
AZ
silvaticus Simon, 1894 USA to Ecuador
Chrosiothes munifex (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896, transferred from Theridion)
Chrosiothes probabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1899)
Chrosiothes conservaticus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936
Chrosiothes barrowsi (Levi, 1954)
Theridiotus probabilis Levi, 1954
FL
albomaculata O. P.-Cambridge, 1882 USA, West Indies to Brazil
Chrysso elegans (Taczanowski, 1873)
Chrysso voluta (F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902, transferred from Theridion)
Chrysso luculenta (Bryant, 1940, transferred from Achaea = Achaearanea)
Chrysso emendata (Roewer, 1942, transferred from Theridion)
Chrysso davisi Bryant, 1945
AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC, TX
nordica (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947) USA, Canada, Central Asia to Mongolia
Arctachaea nordica Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947
Achaearanea nordica Brignoli, 1983
AK, CA, CO, MT, NT, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT,
YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
pelyx (Levi, 1957) USA
Arctachaea pelyx Levi, 1957
OR, UT
pulcherrima (Mello-Leitao, 1917) Pantropical
Argyrodes pulcherrimus Mello-Leitao, 1917
Chrysso clementinae (Petrunkevitch, 1930)
(removed from synonymy with Argyrodes elevatus, Levi 1967)
“…almost certainly introduced into the Americas.” [Levi, 1967]
FL
acutiventer (Keyserling, 1884) USA to Brazil
Theridion acutiventer Keyserling, 1884
Coleosoma flavipes O. P.-Cambridge, 1895
Coleosoma floridanum Banks, 1900, transferred from Argyrodes)
Coleosoma nigripalpe (Banks, 1929, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma index (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944, transferred from Achaea = Achaearanea)
AL, FL, GA, MS, TX [records from MA, NJ probably introductions; Levi 1959]
adamsoni (Berland, 1934) Pantropical
Theridion adamsoni Berland, 1934
Coleosoma hobbsi (Gertsch & Archer, 1942, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma blatchleyi (Bryant, 1945, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma insulicola (Bryant, 1947, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma magnificum (Archer, 1950, transferred from Chindellum = Theridion)
“…probably introduced.”[Levi, 1967]
AL, FL, LA, MS, TX
blandum O. P.-Cambridge, 1882 Cosmopolitan
Coleosoma vituperabile Petrunkevitch, 1911, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma conurum (Thorell, 1895, transferred from Theridion)
Chrysso acrobeles Saaristo, 1978 (transferred from Theridion)
[not listed in Levi & Randolph, 1975]
floridanum Banks, 1900 Pantropical, greenhouses in Europe
Argyrodes floridanus Banks, 1900
Coleosoma interruptum (Banks, 1908, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma delebile (Petrunkevitch, 1930, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma oophorum (Petrunkevitch, 1930, transferred from Lithyphantes = Steatoda)
Coleosoma floridana Bryant, 1940 (female transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma rapanae (Berland, 1942, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma albovittatum Caporiacco, 1955 (female transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma aleipata (Marples, 1955, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma semicinctum (Banks, 1914, female transferred from Bathyphantes)
FL, MA, ME, MN [In greenhouses, Cutler, 1973], NJ
normale Bryant, 1944 USA to Brazil
AZ, CA [Berrien, unpub.], FL, NC
altera Gertsch & Archer, 1942 USA
AL, AR, CT, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, MA, MD, MN, MO, MS, NC, NJ, NY, OH, ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], PA [Vogel, 1966], SC, TN, VA, WI
sticta (O. P.-Cambridge, 1861) Holarctic; Canada to Mexico
Theridion stictum O. P.-Cambridge, 1861
Crustulina borealis Banks, 1900
Crustulina pallipes Banks, 1905
AK, AZ, BC, CA, CO, CT, IA [Abraham, 1996], ID, IL, MA, ME, MI, MN, MB, NB, NE, NF, NH, NJ, NS, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, OR, QC, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI [Kaspar, unpub.], WV, WY
abdita Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 USA to Brazil, West Indies
Dipoena inornata (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944, transferred from Euryopis)
AL, AZ, CA, FL, GA, MS, NV, SC [Draney, pers. coll.], TX
alta Keyserling, 1886 USA
Dipoena lineatipes Bryant, 1933 [synonymy subsequently rejected]
FL, TX
appalachia Levi, 1953 USA
[SYN of dorsata, according to Levi & Randolph, 1975, subsequently rejected]
Male only.
DC, GA, MD, MS, NC [Berry, 1970], TN, VA
atopa (Chamberlin, 1948) USA
Pselothorax atopus Chamberlin, 1948
Dipoena daltoni Levi, 1953
CA, UT
bernardino Levi, 1963 USA
Female Only
CA
buccalis Keyserling, 1886 North America
AL, AR [Dorris, 1985], AZ, CT, DC, MD, MS, NC [Berry, 1970], NJ, NY, OH, ON, PA, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], VA
cathedralis Levi, 1953 USA
Male only.
TX
chathami Levi, 1953 USA
Female only.
AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], GA
dorsata Muma, 1944 USA to Paraguay
[Synonym of appalachia in Levi & Randolph, 1975; subsequently rejected]
Female only.
AZ, FL, MD, NC [Berry, 1970]
lana Levi, 1953 USA, Panama
Female only.
CA, OR
lineatipes Bryant, 1933 USA to Brazil
AL, FL, LA, TX
malkini Levi, 1953 USA
AZ, BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CA, NM, OR, UT
neotoma Levi, 1953 USA
Female only.
CA
nigra (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada, Bahamas
Steatoda nigra Emerton, 1882
Dipoena crassiventris Keyserling, 1886
Dipoena parvula Banks, 1901
Dipoena tibialis Banks, 1905
AR, AZ, BC, CA, CO, CT, DC, FL, GA, IA [Abraham, 1996], ID, IL, MA, MB, ME, MI, MN [Heimer et al. 1983], MS, MT, NC [Berry, 1970], NH, NJ, NM, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OK, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, OR, PA, QC, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], SD, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY
prona (Menge, 1868) Holarctic
Pachydactylus pronus Menge, 1868
Dipoena hamata Tullgren, 1949
AZ, CA, CO, IL, MA, MI, NC, NM, NY, QC [Koponen, 1994], RI, SD,
SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT
provalis Levi, 1953 USA
Female only.
OR, UT
rita Levi, 1953 USA
Female only.
AZ
sulfurica Levi, 1953 USA, Mexico
AZ, NM
washougalia Levi, 1953 USA
Male only
BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], OR, WA
caricis (Hickert, 1876) Holarctic
Steatoda caricis Flickert, 1876
Enoplognatha tecta (Keyserling, 1884)
Enoplognatha camtschadalica Kulczynski, 1885
Enoplognatha puritana Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
AK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CO, CT, IA, IL, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MN, NF, NJ, NY, OH, ON, PA [Vogel, 1966],
QC [Paquin et al., 2001], RI, TX, VA, WA, WI
intrepida (Sørensen, 1898) USA, Canada, Greenland
Theridion intrepida Sørensen, 1898
Enoplognatha rugosa Emerton, 1908
Enoplognatha pikes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
AK, AB, BC [West et al., 1984], CO, CT, IL [Kaston, 1955], MA, MB, MI [Allen, et al. 1970], MN, MT, NB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NH, NM, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, ON, PA, SK, WI, WY, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
joshua Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 USA
Enoplognatha joshua pintura Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
Enoplognatha pintura Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
Enoplognatha piuta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AZ, CA, GA, ID, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT, VA, WA, WY
latimana Hippa & Oksala, 1982 Holarctic
BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001],
QC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
maricopa Levi, 1962 USA
AZ, CA
marmorata (Hentz, 1850) North America
Theridion marmoratum Hentz, 1850
Enoplognatha mimoides (Chamberlin, 1920)
Enoplognatha marmorata parvior Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AL, AZ, BC, CA, CO, CT, GA, IA [Abraham, 1996], IL, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MO, MD, ME, MI, MN, MS [Dorris, 1972], MT, NC, ND, NH, NJ, NM, NS, NY, OH, ON, OR, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], RI, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WY
ovata (Clerck, 1757) Holarctic, possibly introduced into N. Am.
Araneus ovatus Clerck, 1757
Enoplognatha redimita (Linnaeus, 1758, transferred from Theridion)
Theridium ovatum lieatum Izmailova, 1989
Enoplognatha lineata Heimer & Nentwig, 1991
Levi (1967) implies it is introduced: “Widespread in Eurasia, there are colonies in various places in North America.”
BC, CA, MA, ME, NB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, PE [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], RI, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], WA, WI [Kaspar, unpub.]
selma Chamberlin & Ivie, 1946 USA
CA, OR
thoracica (Hahn, 1833) Palaearctic, probably introduced into N. Am.
Theridion thoracicum Hahn, 1833
BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], OR, QC [Paquin et al., 2001]
wyuta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 USA
BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], SD, UT, WY
amoenus Banks, 1911 USA
AL, DC, FL, GA, MD, MS [Dorris, 1972], NC, OH [Bradley, unpub.], TN, VA
cognatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1893 USA to Peru, Brazil
Episinus simplifrons (Simon, 1897)
TX
argentea Emerton, 1882 USA, Canada, Russia
Euryopis strandi Sytshevskaja, 1935
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CO, CT, IL, MA,
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, MI, NJ,
NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH, ON, OR, QC [Koponen, 1994],
SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], VA, WI, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
californica Banks, 1904 USA, Mexico
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], CA, NV, WI [Kaspar, unpub.]
coki Levi, 1954 USA
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
ID, UT, WY
emertoni Bryant, 1933 USA
Euryopis georgiana Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944
Emertonella emertoni Bryant, 1945
AL, FL, GA, MA, NC [Berry, 1970], NY, SC, TN
formosa Banks, 1908 USA, Canada
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
BC, CA, ID, OR, UT, WA, WY
funebris (Hentz, 1850) USA, Canada
Theridion funebre Hentz, 1850
Euryopis limbata (Walckenaer, 1841)
AL, AR [Peck et al., 1971], CT, FL, GA, IA [Abraham, 1996], IL, IN, LA, MA, ME, MD, MI, MS [Dorris, 1972], NC, ND, NH, NJ, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH, ON, PA, QC, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, VA, WI
gertschi Levi, 1951 USA
CT, DC, IL, IN, MA, MI, ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001],
SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], VA
lineatipes O. P.-Cambridge, 1893 USA to Columbia
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
TX
mulaiki Levi, 1954 USA
AZ, TX
pepini Levi, 1954 USA
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
Male only.
IA [Abraham, 1996], OH [Bradley, unpub.], WI
quinquemaculata Banks, 1900 USA
Euryopis 5-maculata Banks, 1900
Euryopis munda Barrows & Ivie, 1942, transferred from Dipoena
Mufila texana Bryant, 1949
Euryopis bryantae Levi, 1954
DC, GA, MD, NY, OH, TX, VA
saukea Levi 1951 Holarctic
Euryopis annulipes Miller, 1963
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], MI, MN, NJ, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], WI
scriptipes Banks, 1908 North America
Euryopis apacheca (Chamberlin, 1925, transferred from Dipoenoides)
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
“limits uncertain” [Levi & Randolph, 1975];
AZ, AB, BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CO, NE, NM, SD, UT,
TX [Richman & Cutler, website], WY
spinigera O. P.-Cambridge, 1895 USA to Columbia
Euryopis deridens Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936
AZ, CA, NM, OK, TX, UT
spiritus Levi, 1954 USA
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
Male only.
CO
taczanowskii Keyserling, 1886 USA to Argentina, Sri Lanka to Ryukyu Is.
Euryopis floricola Keyserling, 1886
Euryopis nigripes Banks, 1929
Euryopis dentata Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936
Euryopis rosacostai Mello-Leitao, 1944
AZ, CO, FL, MA [Levi, 1967], NM, TX, UT
tavara Levi, 1954 USA
Male only.
FL, GA [Draney, pers. coll.], SC [Draney, pers. coll.]
texana Banks, 1908 USA, Mexico
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
AZ, CO, TX, UT
varis Levi, 1963 USA
Euryopis variabilis Keyserling, 1886
Female only.
FL
weesei Levi, 1963 USA
Male only.
OK
bishopi Kaston, 1938 USA
FL
geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 Cosmopolitan
Latrodectus obscurior Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus concinnus O. P.-Cambridge, 1904
Latrodectus geometricus modestus Caporiacco, 1949
Latrodectus geometricus obscuratus Caporiacco, 1949
Latrodectus geometricus subalbicans Caporiacco, 1949
Levi (1967) implies it is introduced in the Americas, where it is “always associated with man…” Possibly from the Pacific.
FL
hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 North America, Israel
Latrodectus mactans hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935
Latrodectus mactans texanus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935
Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959 (in part)
“doubtful if valid species”[Levi & Randolph, 1975]
AR [Dorris, 1985], AZ, BC, CA, CO, IA [Stiles & Stevens, 1940], KS, MN [Occasional imports; Cutler, 1973], NM [Richman & Cutler, website], OK, OR, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TX, WA
mactans (Fabricius, 1775) Probably North America only
Aranea mactans Fabricius, 1775
Latrodectus schuchii C. L. Koch, 1836
Latrodectus menavodi Vinson, 1863
Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall, 1865
Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870
Latrodectus hasselti indicus Simon, 1897
Latrodectus hasselti elegans Thorell, 1898
Latrodectus hasselti ancorifer Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus hahli Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus luzonicus Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus mactans insularis Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus mactans insularis lunifer Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus sagittifer Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus stuhlmanni Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus incertus O. P.-Cambridge, 1904
Latrodectus indistinctus O. P.-Cambridge, 1904
Latrodectus hasselti aruensis Strand, 1911
Latrodectus mactans albomaculatus Franganillo, 1930
Latrodectus albomaculatus Franganillo, 1930
Latrodectus agoyangyang Plantilla & Mabalay, 1935
Latrodectus hasselti Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1943
Latrodectus indistinctus karrooeensis Smithers, 1944
Latrodectus mexicanus Gonzalez, 1954
“Doubtful if west coast specimens are same species”[Levi & Randolph, 1975]
[Many records of L. mactans listed in Levi, 1959, but not listed here because specimens may belong to L. mactans or L. hesperus; same with L. curacaviensis because specimens may be either L. hesperus or L. variolus].
AL, AR, CA [see note above], CT, FL, GA [Draney, pers. coll.], IL, IN, KS, LA, MO, MN [Occasional imports; Cutler, 1973], MS, NJ, NC, NY, OH, OK, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, VA
variolus Walckenaer, 1837 USA, Canada
Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959 (in part)
“Doubtful if west coast specimens are same species”[Levi & Randolph, 1975]
AB, AR, BC, CA, FL, GA, IL, KS, MA, MI, MO, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], UT, VT, WA, WI [Kaspar, unpub.], WV
bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767) Holarctic [possibly introduced into N. America?]
Theridion bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767, transferred from Aranea)
[possibly introduced from Europe according to Bragg & Leech, 1972]
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], BC, ON [Dondale & Redner, 1994],
NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC [Paquin et al., 2001], WA
rufipes (Lucas, 1846) Pantropical
Theridion rufipes Lucas, 1846
Nesticodes nelsoni (Bryant, 1945, transferred from Anelosimus)
Nesticodes pilosus (Denis, 1956, transferred from Robertus)
“In America….it is quite certainly introduced.”[Levi, 1967]
FL, TX, WA
perniciosa (Keyserling, 1886) USA to Chile, West Indies
Theridion perniciosum Keyserling, 1886
Paratheridula acadica (Gertsch & Archer, 1942, transferred from Allotheridion)
Paratheridula quadrimaculata (Banks, 1896, transferred from Mysmena, Theridion)
AL, FL, GA [Draney, 1997], LA, MS
barnesi Levi, 1957 USA
NC, PA
carota Levi, 1957 USA
FL, GA, NC, SC [Draney, pers. coll.]
hirsutum (Emerton, 1882) USA
Ancylorrhanis hirsutum Emerton, 1882
CT, FL, GA, IN, KY, MD, MI, MO, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA [Vogel, 1966], SC [Draney, pers. coll.], TN, VA, WI
americana (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada, Cuba, Jamaica
Oronota americana (Emerton, 1882, transferred from Ulesanis)
AL, AR, CT, DC, FL, GA, IN, MA, MD, MI, MS, NC, NJ, NS, NY, OH, ON,
QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN
arcticus (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947) Nearctic
Ctenium arcticum Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947
Male only.
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AK, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
banksi (Kaston, 1946) USA, Canada
Ctenium banksi Kaston, 1946
CT, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, MI, NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NH, NJ, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, ON, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], WI [Kaspar, unpub.], VT
borealis (Kaston, 1946) USA, Canada
Ctenium borealis Kaston, 1946
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], ME, MI,
NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY,
ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC [Dondale & Redner, 1994, Koponen, 1994], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
crosbyi (Kaston, 1946) USA, Canada
Ctenium crosbyi Kaston, 1946
Female only.
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], NY, QC [Paquin et al., 2001]
eremophilus Chamberlin, 1928 USA, Canada
Ctenium eremophilus (Chamberlin, 1928)
IL, MI, NY, OH, ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT, WI [Kaspar, unpub.]
floridensis (Kaston, 1946) USA
Ctenium floridensis Kaston, 1946
Female only.
FL
frontatus (Banks, 1892) USA, Canada
Ctenium frontata (Banks, 1892, transferred female from Microneta)
Robertus terrestris (Emerton, 1915)
CT, MB, MD, NC, NY, OH, PA, TN
fuscus (Emerton, 1894) USA, Canada
Ctenium fusca (Emerton, 1894, transferred from Steatoda)
Robertus fuscus (Emerton, 1911)
AB, AK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CT, LB,
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ME, MI, MN,
NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NH, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, ON,
QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], VT, WI [Kaspar, unpub.], WY, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
laticeps (Keyserling, 1884) USA
Ctenium laticeps (Keyserling, 1884, transferred from Theridion)
Robertus palustris (Banks, 1892, transferred from Microneta, Pedanostethus)
CT, IL, IN, MD, MI [Drew, 1967], NE, NC, NY, OH, ON [Dondale & Redner, 1994], PA, TN, VA, WI [Kaspar, unpub.], WY
lividus (Blackwall, 1836) Holarctic
Ctenium livida (Blackwall, 1836, transferred from Neriene)
AK
longipalpus (Kaston, 1946) USA, Canada
Ctenium longipalpus Kaston, 1946
CT, MA, MI, NH, NJ, NY, ON, QC [Dondale & Redner, 1994],
WI [Kaspar, unpub.]
pumilus (Emerton, 1909) USA
Ctenium pumilus (Emerton, 1909, transferred from Pedanostethus)
CT, IN, MA, ME, NH, NY, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001]
riparius (Keyserling, 1886) USA, Canada
Ctenium riparius (Keyserling, 1886, transferred from Pedanostethus)
AK, AR [Dorris, 1985], CT, IL [Kaston, 1955], IN, MA,
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ME, MI, MN,
MS [Dorris and McGaha, 1965], NC, NE, NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NH, NJ, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH, ON, PA, QC, SD, TN, VT,
WI [Kaspar, unpub.], WY
similis (Kaston, 1946) USA
Ctenium similis Kaston, 1946
Female only.
NY
spinifer (Emerton, 1908) USA, Canada
Ctenium spiniferus (Emerton, 1908, transferred from Pedanostethus)
Robertus spiniferus (Emerton, 1908)
CT, IA, MA, MI, NE, NH, NY, ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001],
QC [Paquin et al., 2001]
vigerens (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933) USA, Canada
Ctenium vigerens (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933, transferred from Garritus)
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AK, BC, CA, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA,
YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
aurantius (Emerton, 1915) Holarctic
Theridion aurantium Emerton, 1915
Theridion lowrei Barrows, 1945
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AK, BC,
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ME, MI, NF, NS, NH, NY, ON, QC, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN [Barrows, 1945], WI, WY,
YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
sexpunctatus (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada, Russia
Theridion sexpunctatum Emerton, 1882
AB, AK, AZ, BC, CA, ID, MA, MB, MD, ME, MI, NC, NF, NH, NY, OH, ON, OR, PA, QC, TN, UT, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY
simile (C. L. Koch, 1836) Holarctic
Theridion simile C. L. Koch, 1836
BC, WA
flavidus Hentz, 1850 USA to Bolivia, Brazil, West Indies
Spintharus hentzi Levi, 1955
AL, AR, CT, DC, FL, GA, KY, MA, MD, MS [Dorris and McGaha, 1965], NC, NJ, NY, OH, OK, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, VA, WV
alamosa Gertsch, 1960 USA, Mexico
[Jr. synonym of S. pulcher according to Levi & Randolph 1975, rejected by Platnick]
TX
albomaculata (DeGeer, 1778) Cosmopolitan
Aranea albo-maculata DeGeer, 1778
Lithyphantes albomaculatus (DeGeer, 1778)
AB, AZ, BC, CA, CO, CT, IA, ID, IL, IN, MA, MB, MI, MN, MT, NB, NE, NH, NM, NT, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], OR, PE [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC, SD, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT, TX [Richman & Cutler, website], WA, WI, WY, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
americana (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada, China
Asagena america Emerton, 1882
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AL, AZ, BC, CO, CT, DC, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MO, MS [Dorris, 1972], NB, NC, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, ON, OR, PA [Vogel, 1966], QC [Paquin et al., 2001], RI, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV
apacheana Gertsch, 1960 USA
[Jr. synonym of S. pulcher according to Levi & Randolph 1975, rejected by Platnick]
AZ, CO, NM
atascadera Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 USA
CA
bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) Holarctic
Aranea bipunctata Linnaeus, 1758
Steatoda brasiliana Keyserling, 1884
Possibly introduced to N. Am (Levi, 1957)
ME, NB, NF, NH, NS, ON, QC
borealis (Hentz, 1850) USA, Canada
Theridion boreale Hentz, 1850
AB, AK, BC [West et al., 1984], CO, CT, DE, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA [Banks, 1899], MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MO, MN, MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NS, NT, NY, OH, ON, PA, QC, RI, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], SD, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TX, VA, VT, WI, WV, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
castanea (Clerck, 1757) Palaearctic; Introduced in Canada
Araneus castanea Clerck, 1757
Steatoda castanea (Olivier, 1789; validation of Clerckian names by ICZN)
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001],
QC [Paquin et al., 2001]
erigoniformis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) USA; Pantropical
Theridion erigoniforme O. P.-Cambridge, 1872
Steatoda septemmaculatus (Keyserling, 1884)
CT [probably introduced; reported by Kaston in Levi, 1962], FL
fulva (Keyserling, 1884) USA, Mexico
Lithyphantes fulva Keyserling, 1884
Steatoda parvula (Banks, 1898)
Steatoda venusta (Marx, in Banks, 1898)
Steatoda nesiotes (Chamberlin, 1924)
AL, AZ, CA, CO, FL, GA, ID, LA, MS [Dorris, 1972], NE, NM, NV, OK, OR, TX, UT
grandis Banks, 1901 USA
Steatoda zionis Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935
Steatoda merula Fox, 1940
AZ, CO, NM, OR, SD, UT, WY
grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838) Cosmopolitan
Theridium grossum C. L. Koch, 1838
Steatoda zonata (Keyserling, 1884)
Steatoda punctilineata Mello-Leiotao, 1939
Steatoda modesta (Bryant, 1948)
“probably Eurasian”[Levi, 1967]
AL, AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], BC [West et al., 1984], CA, CT, FL, GA, LA, MA, MS, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], OR, RI, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], WA
hespera Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 USA, Canada
BC, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY
medialis (Banks, 1898) USA, Mexico
[considered senior synonym of S. punctulata, S. washona, S. variata in Levi & Randolph 1975; rejected by Platnick]
AZ, CA [also reported from CO, NM, OR, TX, UT, WY, in Levi, 1957, but these records are suspect due to subsequent “desynonymizations”]
mexicana Levi, 1957 USA, Mexico
AZ, CO, ID, NM, TX, UT
palomara Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 USA
[Female described in Levi, 1957]
AR [Dorris, 1985], CA
pulchra (Keyserling, 1884) USA [Possibly Mexico]
Lithyphantes pulcher Keyserling, 1884
Listed as S. pulcher (Keyserling, 1882) in Levi & Randolph, 1975
[considered senior synonym of S. alamosa, S. apacheana in Levi & Randolph 1975; rejected by Platnick]
CA, OR [reported from AZ, CO, and NM in Levi 1957, and TX (Vogel, 1970), but these records are suspect in light of subsequent “desynonymization”]
punctulata (Marx, 1898) USA, Mexico
Lithyphantes puctulata Marx, 1898
[junior synonym of S. medialis according to Levi & Randolph 1975; rejected by Platnick]
AZ, TX
quadrimaculata (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) USA to Venuzuela, West Indies
Asagena quadrimaculata O. P.-Cambridge, 1896
Steatoda hermosa (Banks, 1909)
Steatoda tricolor (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944)
Steatoda marcuzzii (Caporiacco, 1955)
AL, FL, LA, MS, TX
transversa (Banks, 1898) USA, Mexico
Lithyphantes transverses Banks, 1898
AZ, CA, TX
triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802) Cosmopolitan
Teutana triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802, transferred from Aranea)
Steatoda saylori (Fox, 1940, transferred from Theridion)
“This species is probably native to Eurasia. In America it is abundant locally, thriving under conditions of abundant food supply and has even become a pest in carpet beetle cultures used by vertebrate zoologists to clean skulls.” [Levi 1967]
AL, AR, CA, CO, CT, DC, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, LA, MA, MD, MI, MO, MN [Cutler, 1973], MS [Dorris and McGaha, 1965], NC, NE, NJ, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC, TX, UT, VA, WI, WV
variata Gertsch, 1960 USA, Mexico
Lithyphantes distinctus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933
Steatoda variata china Gertsch, 1960
[junior synonym of S. medialis according to Levi & Randolph 1975; rejected by Platnick]
AZ, CO, NM, TX, UT, WY
variata china Gertsch, 1960 USA, Mexico
[Junior synonym of S. variata according to Levi & Randolph, 1975; rejected by Platnick]
TX
washona Gertsch, 1960 USA, Mexico
[junior synonym of S. medialis according to Levi & Randolph 1975; rejected by Platnick]
AZ, CA, ID, NV, OR, UT
bicolor O. P.-Cambridge, 1894 USA to Panama, Cuba, Bahama Is.
Stemmops darlingtoni Bryant, 1940
AL, FL, GA, MS, TX
ornatus (Bryant, 1933) USA