Checklist of Theridiidae (Araneae) of America north of Mexico
Compiled by Michael L. Draney
Department of Natural and Applied Sciences
University of Wisconsin-Green Bay
Green Bay, WI 54311
Version: 13 September 2001
This list is an alphabetical listing of genera and species within genera, for all valid theridiid taxa, indigenous and introduced, known to occur in North America north of Mexico. Generic placements follow Platnick (1997, 2001). Number in brackets after each genus refers to the number of species in our region. Global distribution is from Platnick (1997), unless noted. A selected synonymy follows each species entry; this should allow workers to correctly identify synonyms in the literature (but not necessarily to track the source of each synonym or its complete history; for that, see Platnick 2001, or the relevant revisions). Both sexes of each species are known unless otherwise noted. Following each species is a list of states and provinces in which the species is known to occur; these records are from revisionary work (if the species has been included in such), the compilations listed, or from the original description. The earliest known record of occurrence from other sources are cited after the state or province; all cited sources are included in the bibliography.
Levi and Randolph (1975) list 229-234 species from 27 genera. The present work lists 249 species from 31 genera. This represents about 11% of 2,208 world species (5th most diverse spider family globally) and 41% of the 74 world genera (Platnick 2000). Our fauna includes at least thirteen species (Achaearanea acoreensis, Chrysso pulcherrima, Coleosoma adamsoni, Enoplognatha ovata, Enoplognatha thoracica, Latrodectus geometricus, Nesticodes rufipes, Steatoda bipunctata, Steatoda castanea, Steatoda grossa, Steatoda triangulosa, Theridion bimaculatum, Theridion varians) that are thought to have been introduced since European colonization. Twelve species are known only from males (Dipoena appalachia, Dipoena cathedralis, Dipoena washougalia, Euryopis pepini, Euryopis spiritus, Euryopis tavara, Euryopis weesei, Robertus arcticus, Theridion cinctipes, Theridion ellicottense, Theridion sarde, Theridion yuma), and twenty three species are known only from females (Achaearanea ambera, Chrosiothes iviei, Dipoena bernardino, Dipoena chathami, Dipoena dorsata, Dipoena lana, Dipoena neotoma, Dipoena provalis, Dipoena rita, Euryopis varis, Robertus crosbyi, Robertus floridensis, Robertus similis, Styposis ajo, Theridion aeolium, Theridion cameronense, Theridion cowlesae, Theridion gertschi, Theridion kawea, Theridion lowriei, Theridion timpanogos, Thymoites sarasota, Thymoites sclerotis).
Abbreviations for US States follow
the US Postal Service. Abbreviations
for Canadian Provinces and Territories are as follows:
Alberta AB
British Columbia BC
Labrador LB
Manitoba MB
New Brunswick NB
Newfoundland NF
Northwest Territories NT
Nova Scotia NS
Ontario ON
Prince Edward Island PE
Quebec QC
Saskatchewan SK
Yukon YT
In April 1999 arctic Canada’s
Northwest Territories was split into an eastern division, Nunavut, and a
western one, Western NWT. I have not,
for lack of time, and because Canada Post has not yet established a separate
postal designator for Nunavut, sorted NT records to reflect these new political
boundaries (D. Buckle, personal communication).
The compiler wishes to dedicate this list to Dr. Herbert W. Levi, whose thorough revisionary work forms the basis for our present knowledge of the North American theridiid fauna, as the bibliography attests.
acoreensis (Berland, 1932) Cosmopolitan [introduced into N. Am]
Theridion acoreensis Berland, 1932
Achaearanea geochares Levi, 1955
Achaearanea teja Levi, 1967
BC [Buckle & Paquin 2001], CA [Probably introduced with grapes; Levi 1963]
ambera Levi, 1963 USA
Female only.
UT, WY
canionis (Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1929) USA
Theridion canionis Chamberlin & Gertsch 1929 (female)
AZ, CA, TX [Richman & Cutler, website], UT
chiracahua Levi, 1955 USA
AZ
conjuncta (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) USA
Theridion inornatum Banks, 1899 (preoccupied)
Theridion conjuncta Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 (male)
FL, LA, MS, NC, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TX [Vogel, 1970]
florendida Levi, 1959 USA to Venezuela
A. florens (O. P.-Cambridge) [Misidentified]
TX
florens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) USA to Panama, Cuba
Theridion florens O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 (female)
Achaearanea mendax (O. P.-Cambridge, 1899)
[listed as synonym of florendida in Randolph & Levi 1975; Misidentified]
TX
fresno Levi, 1955 USA
CA
globosa (Hentz, 1850) North America
Theridion globosum Hentz, 1850
Hentziectypus globusus (Hentz, 1850)
AL, AR [Dorris, 1985], CT, DC, FL, GA, IA, IL, KY, LA, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, PA, QC, SC [Draney, unpub. data], TN, TX, WI
insulsa (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) USA, Mexico
Theridion insulsum Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 (female)
TX
ohlerti (Thorell, 1870) Holarctic
Theridion ohlertii Thorell, 1870
Achaearanea umbratica (L. Koch, 1872, transferred from Theridion)
Achaearanea simulata (Emerton, 1926, transferred from Theridion)
AB, AK, BC, CA, CO, ID, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MT, NM, NT, OR, QC, UT, WY
porteri (Banks, 1896) USA to Panama, West Indies
Theridion porteri Banks, 1896
Cryptachaea porteri (Banks, 1896)
Achaearanea portoricensis (Banks, 1896)
Achaearanea redempta (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936, transferred from Theridion)
Achaearanea catrapetraea (Gertsch & Archer, 1942)
Cryptachaea catapetraeum Archer, 1946
AL, AR, FL, GA, IN, KS, KY, LA, MO, NC, NY, OH, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, VA
rupicola (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada
Theridion rupicola Emerton, 1882
Cryptachaea rupicola (Emerton, 1882)
AL, CT, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, ON, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC, TN, TX, VA, WI
schullei (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) USA, Mexico
Theridion schullei Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936
Theridion credula Gertsch & Davis, 1936
Achaearanea credula (Gertsch & Davis, 1936)
Hentziectypus credulus Archer, 1950 (Transferred male from Theridion)
AZ, CA, FL, TX
serenoae (Gertsch & Archer, 1942) USA
Cryptachaea serenoae (Gertsch & Archer, 1942, trans. from Theridion)
AL, FL
tabulata Levi, 1980 Holarctic
Achaearanea nipponica Yoshida, 1983
ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
tepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841) Cosmopolitan
Achaearanea pallida (Walckenaer, 1841, transferred from Theridion) Theridion tepidariorum C. L. Koch, 1841
Parasteatoda tepidariorum Archer, 1946 (transferred from Theridion)
Theridium tepidariorum Izmailova, 1989 (female)
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AL, AR, AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], BC, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NS, NY, OH, ON, OR, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, TX, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV
analyticus (Chamberlin, 1924) USA, Mexico
Theridion analyticum Chamberlin, 1924
Anelosimus dorsatulus (Roewer, 1942, transferred from Linyphia)
AZ? [noted as doubtful in Richman & Cutler, website], CA
studiosus (Hentz, 1850) USA to Argentina
Theridion studiosum Hentz, 1850
Anelosimus dubius (Chamberlin, 1916, transferred from Enoplognatha)
Anelosimus fraternus Bryant, 1948
Anelosimus magnificus (Keyserling, 1884, transferred from Theridion)
Anelosimus textrix (Walckenaer, 1841)
AL, AR [Dorris, 1985, as A. textrix], CT, DC, GA, FL, LA, MD, MS, NC, SC, TN, TX, VA
americanus (Taczanowski, 1874) USA to Brazil
Conopistha americanus (Taczanowski, 1874, transferred from Ero)
Argyrodes trituberculatus Becker, 1879
Argyrodes ululabilis Keyserling, 1891
Argyrodes argenteolus O. P.-Cambridge, 1894
Argyrodes indignus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936
Argyrodes parvior Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936
FL, MS, TX
baboquivari Exline & Levi, 1962 USA, Mexico
AZ, NM [Richman & Cutler, website]
cancellatus (Hentz, 1850) USA, Canada, Bahama Is.
Theridion cancellatum Hentz, 1850
AL, AR, CT, DC, FL, KY, LA, MO, MS, NC, NH, NY, OH, ON, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA
caudatus (Taczanowski, 1874) USA, West Indies to Argentina
Ero caudata Taczanowski, 1874
Argyrodes felix O. P.-Cambridge, 1880
Argyrodes sextuberculatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1880
Argyrodes vexus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936
Argyrodes cylindricus Franganillo, 1936
Argyrodes manta (Exline, 1945)
TX, FL
davisi Exline & Levi, 1962 USA, Mexico
TX
dracus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 USA to Paraguay
AL
elevatus Taczanowski, 1873 USA to Argentina, Galapagos Is.
Argyrodes concinnus O. P.-Cambridge, 1880
Argyrodes jucundus O. P.-Cambridge, 1880
Argyrodes lugens O. P.-Cambridge, 1880
Argyrodes decorus Banks, 1908
Argyrodes biclavis Chamberlin, 1924
Argyrodes cingulatus Petrunkevitch, 1925
Argyrodes falcatus Badcock, 1932
Argyrodes rotundus Caporiacco, 1938
Argyrodes elongatus (Bryant, 1940)
Argyrodes argentinus (Mello-Leitao, 1941)
Argyrodes friburgensis (Mello-Leitao, 1943)
Argyrodes pickeli (Mello-Leiotao, 1943)
Argyrodes fur (Restrepo, 1944)
Argyrodes simplex Caporiacco, 1954
AL, CA, FL, GA, LA, MO, MS, NC, SC, TX, VA
fictilium (Hentz, 1850) Canada to Argentina
Rhomphaea fictilium (Hentz, 1850, transferred from Theridion)
Argyrodes remotus (Bryant, 1940)
AL, AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CA, CT, FL, GA, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ME, MN [Heimer et al. 1983], MO, MS, NC, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, OR, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, WA
furcatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1894) USA to El Salvador, West Indies
Ariamnes furcata O. P.-Cambridge, 1894
Argyrodes bifissus (F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902)
Argyrodes frontatus Banks, 1908
AL, CA, FL, GA, MS, SC, TX
globosus Keyserling, 1884 USA to Ecuador
Argyrodes argenteomaculatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1896
Argyrodes rorerae (Exline, 1945)
AL, FL, LA, SC, TX
maculosus O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 USA, Mexico
FL
nephilae Taczanowski, 1873 USA, West Indies to Argentina, Galapagos Is.
Argyrodes cambridgei Keyserling, 1891
Argyrodes banksi Petrunkevitch, 1911
AR [Dorris, 1968], FL, MS [Dorris, 1972], SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985]
pluto Banks, 1905 USA, Mexico, Jamaica
Argyrodes oculus (Muma, 1944)
MD, MO, TX, VA
projiciens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) USA to Argentina, India
Rhomphaea projiciens O. P.-Cambridge, 1896
Argyrodes spinosus (Badcock, 1932)
Argyrodes feioi (Mello-Leitao, 1947)
Argyrodes martinae (Exline, 1950)
FL, TX
subdolus O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 USA to Guatemala
Argyrodes linguatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 (removed from synonymy of Argyrodes obtusus)
AZ, TX
trigonum (Hentz, 1850) USA, Canada
Theridion trigonum Hentz, 1850
Conopistha rufa Walckenaer 1841
AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, KY, MD, MA, ME, MI, MO, MS, NC, NH, NH, NY, OH, ON, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, VA, WI, WV
chirica (Levi, 1954) USA, Mexico
Theridiotis chirica Levi, 1954
AZ, CO, UT
iviei Levi, 1964 USA
Female only.
CA
jenningsi Piel, 1995 USA
WV
jocosus (Gertsch & Davis, 1936) USA, Mexico
Theridiotus jocosa (Gertsch & Davis 1936, transferred from Dipoena)
TX
minusculus (Gertsch, 1936) USA, Mexico
Theridiotus miniscula (Gertsch, 1936, transferred from Episinus)
TX
portalensis Levi, 1964 USA, Mexico
AZ
silvaticus Simon, 1894 USA to Ecuador
Chrosiothes munifex (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896, transferred from Theridion)
Chrosiothes probabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1899)
Chrosiothes conservaticus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936
Chrosiothes barrowsi (Levi, 1954)
Theridiotus probabilis Levi, 1954
FL
albomaculata O. P.-Cambridge, 1882 USA, West Indies to Brazil
Chrysso elegans (Taczanowski, 1873)
Chrysso voluta (F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902, transferred from Theridion)
Chrysso luculenta (Bryant, 1940, transferred from Achaea = Achaearanea)
Chrysso emendata (Roewer, 1942, transferred from Theridion)
Chrysso davisi Bryant, 1945
AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC, TX
nordica (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947) USA, Canada, Central Asia to Mongolia
Arctachaea nordica Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947
Achaearanea nordica Brignoli, 1983
AK, CA, CO, MT, NT, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT,
YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
pelyx (Levi, 1957) USA
Arctachaea pelyx Levi, 1957
OR, UT
pulcherrima (Mello-Leitao, 1917) Pantropical
Argyrodes pulcherrimus Mello-Leitao, 1917
Chrysso clementinae (Petrunkevitch, 1930)
(removed from synonymy with Argyrodes elevatus, Levi 1967)
“…almost certainly introduced into the Americas.” [Levi, 1967]
FL
acutiventer (Keyserling, 1884) USA to Brazil
Theridion acutiventer Keyserling, 1884
Coleosoma flavipes O. P.-Cambridge, 1895
Coleosoma floridanum Banks, 1900, transferred from Argyrodes)
Coleosoma nigripalpe (Banks, 1929, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma index (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944, transferred from Achaea = Achaearanea)
AL, FL, GA, MS, TX [records from MA, NJ probably introductions; Levi 1959]
adamsoni (Berland, 1934) Pantropical
Theridion adamsoni Berland, 1934
Coleosoma hobbsi (Gertsch & Archer, 1942, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma blatchleyi (Bryant, 1945, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma insulicola (Bryant, 1947, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma magnificum (Archer, 1950, transferred from Chindellum = Theridion)
“…probably introduced.”[Levi, 1967]
AL, FL, LA, MS, TX
blandum O. P.-Cambridge, 1882 Cosmopolitan
Coleosoma vituperabile Petrunkevitch, 1911, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma conurum (Thorell, 1895, transferred from Theridion)
Chrysso acrobeles Saaristo, 1978 (transferred from Theridion)
[not listed in Levi & Randolph, 1975]
floridanum Banks, 1900 Pantropical, greenhouses in Europe
Argyrodes floridanus Banks, 1900
Coleosoma interruptum (Banks, 1908, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma delebile (Petrunkevitch, 1930, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma oophorum (Petrunkevitch, 1930, transferred from Lithyphantes = Steatoda)
Coleosoma floridana Bryant, 1940 (female transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma rapanae (Berland, 1942, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma albovittatum Caporiacco, 1955 (female transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma aleipata (Marples, 1955, transferred from Theridion)
Coleosoma semicinctum (Banks, 1914, female transferred from Bathyphantes)
FL, MA, ME, MN [In greenhouses, Cutler, 1973], NJ
normale Bryant, 1944 USA to Brazil
AZ, CA [Berrien, unpub.], FL, NC
altera Gertsch & Archer, 1942 USA
AL, AR, CT, DC, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, MA, MD, MN, MO, MS, NC, NJ, NY, OH, ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], PA [Vogel, 1966], SC, TN, VA, WI
sticta (O. P.-Cambridge, 1861) Holarctic; Canada to Mexico
Theridion stictum O. P.-Cambridge, 1861
Crustulina borealis Banks, 1900
Crustulina pallipes Banks, 1905
AK, AZ, BC, CA, CO, CT, IA [Abraham, 1996], ID, IL, MA, ME, MI, MN, MB, NB, NE, NF, NH, NJ, NS, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, OR, QC, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI [Kaspar, unpub.], WV, WY
abdita Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 USA to Brazil, West Indies
Dipoena inornata (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944, transferred from Euryopis)
AL, AZ, CA, FL, GA, MS, NV, SC [Draney, pers. coll.], TX
alta Keyserling, 1886 USA
Dipoena lineatipes Bryant, 1933 [synonymy subsequently rejected]
FL, TX
appalachia Levi, 1953 USA
[SYN of dorsata, according to Levi & Randolph, 1975, subsequently rejected]
Male only.
DC, GA, MD, MS, NC [Berry, 1970], TN, VA
atopa (Chamberlin, 1948) USA
Pselothorax atopus Chamberlin, 1948
Dipoena daltoni Levi, 1953
CA, UT
bernardino Levi, 1963 USA
Female Only
CA
buccalis Keyserling, 1886 North America
AL, AR [Dorris, 1985], AZ, CT, DC, MD, MS, NC [Berry, 1970], NJ, NY, OH, ON, PA, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], VA
cathedralis Levi, 1953 USA
Male only.
TX
chathami Levi, 1953 USA
Female only.
AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], GA
dorsata Muma, 1944 USA to Paraguay
[Synonym of appalachia in Levi & Randolph, 1975; subsequently rejected]
Female only.
AZ, FL, MD, NC [Berry, 1970]
lana Levi, 1953 USA, Panama
Female only.
CA, OR
lineatipes Bryant, 1933 USA to Brazil
AL, FL, LA, TX
malkini Levi, 1953 USA
AZ, BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CA, NM, OR, UT
neotoma Levi, 1953 USA
Female only.
CA
nigra (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada, Bahamas
Steatoda nigra Emerton, 1882
Dipoena crassiventris Keyserling, 1886
Dipoena parvula Banks, 1901
Dipoena tibialis Banks, 1905
AR, AZ, BC, CA, CO, CT, DC, FL, GA, IA [Abraham, 1996], ID, IL, MA, MB, ME, MI, MN [Heimer et al. 1983], MS, MT, NC [Berry, 1970], NH, NJ, NM, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OK, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, OR, PA, QC, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], SD, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY
prona (Menge, 1868) Holarctic
Pachydactylus pronus Menge, 1868
Dipoena hamata Tullgren, 1949
AZ, CA, CO, IL, MA, MI, NC, NM, NY, QC [Koponen, 1994], RI, SD,
SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT
provalis Levi, 1953 USA
Female only.
OR, UT
rita Levi, 1953 USA
Female only.
AZ
sulfurica Levi, 1953 USA, Mexico
AZ, NM
washougalia Levi, 1953 USA
Male only
BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], OR, WA
caricis (Hickert, 1876) Holarctic
Steatoda caricis Flickert, 1876
Enoplognatha tecta (Keyserling, 1884)
Enoplognatha camtschadalica Kulczynski, 1885
Enoplognatha puritana Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
AK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CO, CT, IA, IL, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MN, NF, NJ, NY, OH, ON, PA [Vogel, 1966],
QC [Paquin et al., 2001], RI, TX, VA, WA, WI
intrepida (Sørensen, 1898) USA, Canada, Greenland
Theridion intrepida Sørensen, 1898
Enoplognatha rugosa Emerton, 1908
Enoplognatha pikes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
AK, AB, BC [West et al., 1984], CO, CT, IL [Kaston, 1955], MA, MB, MI [Allen, et al. 1970], MN, MT, NB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NH, NM, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, ON, PA, SK, WI, WY, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
joshua Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 USA
Enoplognatha joshua pintura Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
Enoplognatha pintura Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
Enoplognatha piuta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AZ, CA, GA, ID, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT, VA, WA, WY
latimana Hippa & Oksala, 1982 Holarctic
BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001],
QC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
maricopa Levi, 1962 USA
AZ, CA
marmorata (Hentz, 1850) North America
Theridion marmoratum Hentz, 1850
Enoplognatha mimoides (Chamberlin, 1920)
Enoplognatha marmorata parvior Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AL, AZ, BC, CA, CO, CT, GA, IA [Abraham, 1996], IL, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MO, MD, ME, MI, MN, MS [Dorris, 1972], MT, NC, ND, NH, NJ, NM, NS, NY, OH, ON, OR, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], RI, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WY
ovata (Clerck, 1757) Holarctic, possibly introduced into N. Am.
Araneus ovatus Clerck, 1757
Enoplognatha redimita (Linnaeus, 1758, transferred from Theridion)
Theridium ovatum lieatum Izmailova, 1989
Enoplognatha lineata Heimer & Nentwig, 1991
Levi (1967) implies it is introduced: “Widespread in Eurasia, there are colonies in various places in North America.”
BC, CA, MA, ME, NB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, PE [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], RI, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], WA, WI [Kaspar, unpub.]
selma Chamberlin & Ivie, 1946 USA
CA, OR
thoracica (Hahn, 1833) Palaearctic, probably introduced into N. Am.
Theridion thoracicum Hahn, 1833
BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], OR, QC [Paquin et al., 2001]
wyuta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 USA
BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], SD, UT, WY
amoenus Banks, 1911 USA
AL, DC, FL, GA, MD, MS [Dorris, 1972], NC, OH [Bradley, unpub.], TN, VA
cognatus O. P.-Cambridge, 1893 USA to Peru, Brazil
Episinus simplifrons (Simon, 1897)
TX
argentea Emerton, 1882 USA, Canada, Russia
Euryopis strandi Sytshevskaja, 1935
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CO, CT, IL, MA,
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, MI, NJ,
NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH, ON, OR, QC [Koponen, 1994],
SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], VA, WI, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
californica Banks, 1904 USA, Mexico
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], CA, NV, WI [Kaspar, unpub.]
coki Levi, 1954 USA
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
ID, UT, WY
emertoni Bryant, 1933 USA
Euryopis georgiana Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944
Emertonella emertoni Bryant, 1945
AL, FL, GA, MA, NC [Berry, 1970], NY, SC, TN
formosa Banks, 1908 USA, Canada
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
BC, CA, ID, OR, UT, WA, WY
funebris (Hentz, 1850) USA, Canada
Theridion funebre Hentz, 1850
Euryopis limbata (Walckenaer, 1841)
AL, AR [Peck et al., 1971], CT, FL, GA, IA [Abraham, 1996], IL, IN, LA, MA, ME, MD, MI, MS [Dorris, 1972], NC, ND, NH, NJ, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH, ON, PA, QC, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, VA, WI
gertschi Levi, 1951 USA
CT, DC, IL, IN, MA, MI, ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001],
SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], VA
lineatipes O. P.-Cambridge, 1893 USA to Columbia
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
TX
mulaiki Levi, 1954 USA
AZ, TX
pepini Levi, 1954 USA
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
Male only.
IA [Abraham, 1996], OH [Bradley, unpub.], WI
quinquemaculata Banks, 1900 USA
Euryopis 5-maculata Banks, 1900
Euryopis munda Barrows & Ivie, 1942, transferred from Dipoena
Mufila texana Bryant, 1949
Euryopis bryantae Levi, 1954
DC, GA, MD, NY, OH, TX, VA
saukea Levi 1951 Holarctic
Euryopis annulipes Miller, 1963
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], MI, MN, NJ, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], WI
scriptipes Banks, 1908 North America
Euryopis apacheca (Chamberlin, 1925, transferred from Dipoenoides)
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
“limits uncertain” [Levi & Randolph, 1975];
AZ, AB, BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CO, NE, NM, SD, UT,
TX [Richman & Cutler, website], WY
spinigera O. P.-Cambridge, 1895 USA to Columbia
Euryopis deridens Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936
AZ, CA, NM, OK, TX, UT
spiritus Levi, 1954 USA
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
Male only.
CO
taczanowskii Keyserling, 1886 USA to Argentina, Sri Lanka to Ryukyu Is.
Euryopis floricola Keyserling, 1886
Euryopis nigripes Banks, 1929
Euryopis dentata Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936
Euryopis rosacostai Mello-Leitao, 1944
AZ, CO, FL, MA [Levi, 1967], NM, TX, UT
tavara Levi, 1954 USA
Male only.
FL, GA [Draney, pers. coll.], SC [Draney, pers. coll.]
texana Banks, 1908 USA, Mexico
[“specimens cannot be placed” Levi & Randolph, 1975]
AZ, CO, TX, UT
varis Levi, 1963 USA
Euryopis variabilis Keyserling, 1886
Female only.
FL
weesei Levi, 1963 USA
Male only.
OK
bishopi Kaston, 1938 USA
FL
geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 Cosmopolitan
Latrodectus obscurior Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus concinnus O. P.-Cambridge, 1904
Latrodectus geometricus modestus Caporiacco, 1949
Latrodectus geometricus obscuratus Caporiacco, 1949
Latrodectus geometricus subalbicans Caporiacco, 1949
Levi (1967) implies it is introduced in the Americas, where it is “always associated with man…” Possibly from the Pacific.
FL
hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 North America, Israel
Latrodectus mactans hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935
Latrodectus mactans texanus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935
Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959 (in part)
“doubtful if valid species”[Levi & Randolph, 1975]
AR [Dorris, 1985], AZ, BC, CA, CO, IA [Stiles & Stevens, 1940], KS, MN [Occasional imports; Cutler, 1973], NM [Richman & Cutler, website], OK, OR, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TX, WA
mactans (Fabricius, 1775) Probably North America only
Aranea mactans Fabricius, 1775
Latrodectus schuchii C. L. Koch, 1836
Latrodectus menavodi Vinson, 1863
Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall, 1865
Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870
Latrodectus hasselti indicus Simon, 1897
Latrodectus hasselti elegans Thorell, 1898
Latrodectus hasselti ancorifer Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus hahli Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus luzonicus Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus mactans insularis Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus mactans insularis lunifer Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus sagittifer Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus stuhlmanni Dahl, 1902
Latrodectus incertus O. P.-Cambridge, 1904
Latrodectus indistinctus O. P.-Cambridge, 1904
Latrodectus hasselti aruensis Strand, 1911
Latrodectus mactans albomaculatus Franganillo, 1930
Latrodectus albomaculatus Franganillo, 1930
Latrodectus agoyangyang Plantilla & Mabalay, 1935
Latrodectus hasselti Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1943
Latrodectus indistinctus karrooeensis Smithers, 1944
Latrodectus mexicanus Gonzalez, 1954
“Doubtful if west coast specimens are same species”[Levi & Randolph, 1975]
[Many records of L. mactans listed in Levi, 1959, but not listed here because specimens may belong to L. mactans or L. hesperus; same with L. curacaviensis because specimens may be either L. hesperus or L. variolus].
AL, AR, CA [see note above], CT, FL, GA [Draney, pers. coll.], IL, IN, KS, LA, MO, MN [Occasional imports; Cutler, 1973], MS, NJ, NC, NY, OH, OK, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, VA
variolus Walckenaer, 1837 USA, Canada
Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959 (in part)
“Doubtful if west coast specimens are same species”[Levi & Randolph, 1975]
AB, AR, BC, CA, FL, GA, IL, KS, MA, MI, MO, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], UT, VT, WA, WI [Kaspar, unpub.], WV
bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767) Holarctic [possibly introduced into N. America?]
Theridion bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1767, transferred from Aranea)
[possibly introduced from Europe according to Bragg & Leech, 1972]
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], BC, ON [Dondale & Redner, 1994],
NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC [Paquin et al., 2001], WA
rufipes (Lucas, 1846) Pantropical
Theridion rufipes Lucas, 1846
Nesticodes nelsoni (Bryant, 1945, transferred from Anelosimus)
Nesticodes pilosus (Denis, 1956, transferred from Robertus)
“In America….it is quite certainly introduced.”[Levi, 1967]
FL, TX, WA
perniciosa (Keyserling, 1886) USA to Chile, West Indies
Theridion perniciosum Keyserling, 1886
Paratheridula acadica (Gertsch & Archer, 1942, transferred from Allotheridion)
Paratheridula quadrimaculata (Banks, 1896, transferred from Mysmena, Theridion)
AL, FL, GA [Draney, 1997], LA, MS
barnesi Levi, 1957 USA
NC, PA
carota Levi, 1957 USA
FL, GA, NC, SC [Draney, pers. coll.]
hirsutum (Emerton, 1882) USA
Ancylorrhanis hirsutum Emerton, 1882
CT, FL, GA, IN, KY, MD, MI, MO, MS, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA [Vogel, 1966], SC [Draney, pers. coll.], TN, VA, WI
americana (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada, Cuba, Jamaica
Oronota americana (Emerton, 1882, transferred from Ulesanis)
AL, AR, CT, DC, FL, GA, IN, MA, MD, MI, MS, NC, NJ, NS, NY, OH, ON,
QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN
arcticus (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947) Nearctic
Ctenium arcticum Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947
Male only.
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AK, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
banksi (Kaston, 1946) USA, Canada
Ctenium banksi Kaston, 1946
CT, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, MI, NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NH, NJ, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, ON, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], WI [Kaspar, unpub.], VT
borealis (Kaston, 1946) USA, Canada
Ctenium borealis Kaston, 1946
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], ME, MI,
NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY,
ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC [Dondale & Redner, 1994, Koponen, 1994], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
crosbyi (Kaston, 1946) USA, Canada
Ctenium crosbyi Kaston, 1946
Female only.
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], NY, QC [Paquin et al., 2001]
eremophilus Chamberlin, 1928 USA, Canada
Ctenium eremophilus (Chamberlin, 1928)
IL, MI, NY, OH, ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT, WI [Kaspar, unpub.]
floridensis (Kaston, 1946) USA
Ctenium floridensis Kaston, 1946
Female only.
FL
frontatus (Banks, 1892) USA, Canada
Ctenium frontata (Banks, 1892, transferred female from Microneta)
Robertus terrestris (Emerton, 1915)
CT, MB, MD, NC, NY, OH, PA, TN
fuscus (Emerton, 1894) USA, Canada
Ctenium fusca (Emerton, 1894, transferred from Steatoda)
Robertus fuscus (Emerton, 1911)
AB, AK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CT, LB,
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ME, MI, MN,
NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NH, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, ON,
QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], VT, WI [Kaspar, unpub.], WY, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
laticeps (Keyserling, 1884) USA
Ctenium laticeps (Keyserling, 1884, transferred from Theridion)
Robertus palustris (Banks, 1892, transferred from Microneta, Pedanostethus)
CT, IL, IN, MD, MI [Drew, 1967], NE, NC, NY, OH, ON [Dondale & Redner, 1994], PA, TN, VA, WI [Kaspar, unpub.], WY
lividus (Blackwall, 1836) Holarctic
Ctenium livida (Blackwall, 1836, transferred from Neriene)
AK
longipalpus (Kaston, 1946) USA, Canada
Ctenium longipalpus Kaston, 1946
CT, MA, MI, NH, NJ, NY, ON, QC [Dondale & Redner, 1994],
WI [Kaspar, unpub.]
pumilus (Emerton, 1909) USA
Ctenium pumilus (Emerton, 1909, transferred from Pedanostethus)
CT, IN, MA, ME, NH, NY, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001]
riparius (Keyserling, 1886) USA, Canada
Ctenium riparius (Keyserling, 1886, transferred from Pedanostethus)
AK, AR [Dorris, 1985], CT, IL [Kaston, 1955], IN, MA,
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ME, MI, MN,
MS [Dorris and McGaha, 1965], NC, NE, NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NH, NJ, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH, ON, PA, QC, SD, TN, VT,
WI [Kaspar, unpub.], WY
similis (Kaston, 1946) USA
Ctenium similis Kaston, 1946
Female only.
NY
spinifer (Emerton, 1908) USA, Canada
Ctenium spiniferus (Emerton, 1908, transferred from Pedanostethus)
Robertus spiniferus (Emerton, 1908)
CT, IA, MA, MI, NE, NH, NY, ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001],
QC [Paquin et al., 2001]
vigerens (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933) USA, Canada
Ctenium vigerens (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933, transferred from Garritus)
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AK, BC, CA, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA,
YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
aurantius (Emerton, 1915) Holarctic
Theridion aurantium Emerton, 1915
Theridion lowrei Barrows, 1945
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AK, BC,
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ME, MI, NF, NS, NH, NY, ON, QC, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN [Barrows, 1945], WI, WY,
YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
sexpunctatus (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada, Russia
Theridion sexpunctatum Emerton, 1882
AB, AK, AZ, BC, CA, ID, MA, MB, MD, ME, MI, NC, NF, NH, NY, OH, ON, OR, PA, QC, TN, UT, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY
simile (C. L. Koch, 1836) Holarctic
Theridion simile C. L. Koch, 1836
BC, WA
flavidus Hentz, 1850 USA to Bolivia, Brazil, West Indies
Spintharus hentzi Levi, 1955
AL, AR, CT, DC, FL, GA, KY, MA, MD, MS [Dorris and McGaha, 1965], NC, NJ, NY, OH, OK, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, VA, WV
alamosa Gertsch, 1960 USA, Mexico
[Jr. synonym of S. pulcher according to Levi & Randolph 1975, rejected by Platnick]
TX
albomaculata (DeGeer, 1778) Cosmopolitan
Aranea albo-maculata DeGeer, 1778
Lithyphantes albomaculatus (DeGeer, 1778)
AB, AZ, BC, CA, CO, CT, IA, ID, IL, IN, MA, MB, MI, MN, MT, NB, NE, NH, NM, NT, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], OR, PE [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC, SD, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT, TX [Richman & Cutler, website], WA, WI, WY, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
americana (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada, China
Asagena america Emerton, 1882
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AL, AZ, BC, CO, CT, DC, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MO, MS [Dorris, 1972], NB, NC, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, ON, OR, PA [Vogel, 1966], QC [Paquin et al., 2001], RI, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV
apacheana Gertsch, 1960 USA
[Jr. synonym of S. pulcher according to Levi & Randolph 1975, rejected by Platnick]
AZ, CO, NM
atascadera Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 USA
CA
bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) Holarctic
Aranea bipunctata Linnaeus, 1758
Steatoda brasiliana Keyserling, 1884
Possibly introduced to N. Am (Levi, 1957)
ME, NB, NF, NH, NS, ON, QC
borealis (Hentz, 1850) USA, Canada
Theridion boreale Hentz, 1850
AB, AK, BC [West et al., 1984], CO, CT, DE, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA [Banks, 1899], MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MO, MN, MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NS, NT, NY, OH, ON, PA, QC, RI, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], SD, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TX, VA, VT, WI, WV, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
castanea (Clerck, 1757) Palaearctic; Introduced in Canada
Araneus castanea Clerck, 1757
Steatoda castanea (Olivier, 1789; validation of Clerckian names by ICZN)
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001],
QC [Paquin et al., 2001]
erigoniformis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) USA; Pantropical
Theridion erigoniforme O. P.-Cambridge, 1872
Steatoda septemmaculatus (Keyserling, 1884)
CT [probably introduced; reported by Kaston in Levi, 1962], FL
fulva (Keyserling, 1884) USA, Mexico
Lithyphantes fulva Keyserling, 1884
Steatoda parvula (Banks, 1898)
Steatoda venusta (Marx, in Banks, 1898)
Steatoda nesiotes (Chamberlin, 1924)
AL, AZ, CA, CO, FL, GA, ID, LA, MS [Dorris, 1972], NE, NM, NV, OK, OR, TX, UT
grandis Banks, 1901 USA
Steatoda zionis Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935
Steatoda merula Fox, 1940
AZ, CO, NM, OR, SD, UT, WY
grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838) Cosmopolitan
Theridium grossum C. L. Koch, 1838
Steatoda zonata (Keyserling, 1884)
Steatoda punctilineata Mello-Leiotao, 1939
Steatoda modesta (Bryant, 1948)
“probably Eurasian”[Levi, 1967]
AL, AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], BC [West et al., 1984], CA, CT, FL, GA, LA, MA, MS, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], OR, RI, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], WA
hespera Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 USA, Canada
BC, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY
medialis (Banks, 1898) USA, Mexico
[considered senior synonym of S. punctulata, S. washona, S. variata in Levi & Randolph 1975; rejected by Platnick]
AZ, CA [also reported from CO, NM, OR, TX, UT, WY, in Levi, 1957, but these records are suspect due to subsequent “desynonymizations”]
mexicana Levi, 1957 USA, Mexico
AZ, CO, ID, NM, TX, UT
palomara Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 USA
[Female described in Levi, 1957]
AR [Dorris, 1985], CA
pulchra (Keyserling, 1884) USA [Possibly Mexico]
Lithyphantes pulcher Keyserling, 1884
Listed as S. pulcher (Keyserling, 1882) in Levi & Randolph, 1975
[considered senior synonym of S. alamosa, S. apacheana in Levi & Randolph 1975; rejected by Platnick]
CA, OR [reported from AZ, CO, and NM in Levi 1957, and TX (Vogel, 1970), but these records are suspect in light of subsequent “desynonymization”]
punctulata (Marx, 1898) USA, Mexico
Lithyphantes puctulata Marx, 1898
[junior synonym of S. medialis according to Levi & Randolph 1975; rejected by Platnick]
AZ, TX
quadrimaculata (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) USA to Venuzuela, West Indies
Asagena quadrimaculata O. P.-Cambridge, 1896
Steatoda hermosa (Banks, 1909)
Steatoda tricolor (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944)
Steatoda marcuzzii (Caporiacco, 1955)
AL, FL, LA, MS, TX
transversa (Banks, 1898) USA, Mexico
Lithyphantes transverses Banks, 1898
AZ, CA, TX
triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802) Cosmopolitan
Teutana triangulosa (Walckenaer, 1802, transferred from Aranea)
Steatoda saylori (Fox, 1940, transferred from Theridion)
“This species is probably native to Eurasia. In America it is abundant locally, thriving under conditions of abundant food supply and has even become a pest in carpet beetle cultures used by vertebrate zoologists to clean skulls.” [Levi 1967]
AL, AR, CA, CO, CT, DC, GA, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, LA, MA, MD, MI, MO, MN [Cutler, 1973], MS [Dorris and McGaha, 1965], NC, NE, NJ, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], SC, TX, UT, VA, WI, WV
variata Gertsch, 1960 USA, Mexico
Lithyphantes distinctus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933
Steatoda variata china Gertsch, 1960
[junior synonym of S. medialis according to Levi & Randolph 1975; rejected by Platnick]
AZ, CO, NM, TX, UT, WY
variata china Gertsch, 1960 USA, Mexico
[Junior synonym of S. variata according to Levi & Randolph, 1975; rejected by Platnick]
TX
washona Gertsch, 1960 USA, Mexico
[junior synonym of S. medialis according to Levi & Randolph 1975; rejected by Platnick]
AZ, CA, ID, NV, OR, UT
bicolor O. P.-Cambridge, 1894 USA to Panama, Cuba, Bahama Is.
Stemmops darlingtoni Bryant, 1940
AL, FL, GA, MS, TX
ornatus (Bryant, 1933) USA
Euryopis ornata Bryant, 1933
Stemmops orniceps (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944, transferred from Euryopis)
GA, MO, MS, NC, NJ, OH
ajo Levi, 1960 USA
Female only.
AZ [Richman & Cutler, 1998]
clausis Levi, 1960 USA to Columbia
[Listed as from USA in Platnick, 2001, but I find no USA records]
archboldi Levi, 1957 USA
FL
stridula Crosby, 1906 USA, Canada
Coressa stridula (Crosby, 1906)
AK, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MO, NC [Berry, 1970], NY, ON, QC [Dondale & Redner, 1994, Koponen, 1994], VA, WI
aeolium Levi, 1963 USA
Female only.
AZ
agrifoliae Levi, 1957 USA, Canada
BC, CA, OR, WA
alabamense Gertsch & Archer, 1942 USA
Theridion cinereum Emerton, 1913 (preoccupied)
Theridion cinerescens Roewer, 1942
Theridion talmo Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944
AL, CA, CT, FL, GA, IL, LA, MA, MD, MS, NB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, TX, WI
albidum Banks, 1895 USA, Canada
Allotheridion albidum (Banks, 1895)
AL, CT, DE [Culin, 1978], IA [Abraham, 1996], IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, MI, MO, NC, NJ, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001], TN, VA, WI, WV
antoni Keyserling, 1884 USA
Theridion antonii Keyserling, 1884
AR [Peck et al., 1971], CT, FL, MD, MS, NY, TN, TX
arizonense Levi, 1957 USA
AZ, NM
australe Banks, 1899 USA, Mexico, West Indies
Theridion australis Banks, 1899
Allotheridion australe (Banks, 1899)
AR [Dorris, 1985], DE [Culin, 1978], LA [Banks, 1899], MD, MS [Dorris, 1972], NC, NJ, TX [Vogel, 1970], UT
californicum Banks, 1904 USA, Canada
Allotheridion californicum (Banks, 1904)
Theridion pseudofrondeum Schenkel, 1950
BC, CA, OR, WA
cameronense Levi, 1957 USA, Mexico
Female only.
TX
cheimatos Gertsch & Archer, 1942 USA
DE [Culin, 1978], GA, FL, OH, TN
cinctipes Banks, 1898 USA, Mexico
Male only.
TX
cochise Levi, 1963 USA
AZ
cowlesae Levi, 1957 USA
Female only.
CA
cynicum Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 USA, Mexico
Anelosimus cynicum (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936)
TX
differens Emerton, 1882 USA, Canada
Allotheridion differens (Emerton, 1882)
Theridion spirale Muma, 1943
“Throughout S Canada and all US, most common in northeast” (Levi & Randolph 1975)
AB, AL, AR [Peck et al., 1971], BC, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, ID, IA [Abraham, 1996], IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, NC, NE, NH, NJ, NS, NY, OH, OK, ON, OR, PA, QC, SC, SD, SK, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WY
dilutum Levi, 1957 USA, Mexico
AZ, CA, NV, TX, UT
dividuum Gertsch & Archer, 1942 USA
Allotheridion dividuum (Gertsch & Archer, 1942)
AL, NC, SC
dulcineum Gertsch & Archer, 1942 USA
Allotheridion dulcineum (Gertsch & Archer, 1942)
AL, GA, MD, TN
ellicottense Dobyns & Bond, 1996 USA
Female epigynum not known (Dobyns & Bond, 1996)
GA
flavonotatum Becker, 1879 USA, Cuba
Allotheridion flavonotatum (Becker, 1879)
Theridion pascagoulensis Becker, 1879
Theridion floridensis Banks, 1904
Theridion atromontanum Banks, 1911
Theridion dimachaerum Bishop & Crosby, 1926
AL, AR [Dorris, 1968], FL, GA, KY, MD, MS, NC, OH, SC, TN, TX
frondeum Hentz, 1850 USA, Bahama Is., Canada
Allotheridion frondeum (Hentz, 1850)
Theridion brassicae Fitch, 1869
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AL, AR [Dorris, 1968], AZ, BC, CA, CT, IA, IL, LA [Banks, 1899], MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MN, MS [Dorris, 1972], NC, ND, NH, NJ, NS, NY, OH, ON, PA, QC,
SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], SK, TN, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV
geminipunctum Chamberlin, 1924 USA, Mexico
Theridion mohave Gertsch & Archer, 1942
CA
gertschi Levi, 1959 USA, Mexico
Female only.
AZ
glaucescens Becker, 1879 USA, Canada
Theridion spirale Emerton, 1882
Theridion volatile Keyserling, 1884
AL, CT, FL, GA, KY, IL, IN, LA, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MS, NC, NE, NS, NF, NH, NJ, NY, OH,
ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], PA, PE [Buckle & Paquin, 2001],
QC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], SC, TN, TX, VA, VT, WI, WV
goodnightorum Levi, 1957 USA, Mexico
AZ, CA, CO, NM, TX, UT, WY
hemerobium Simon, 1914 USA, Canada, Europe
Theridion berkeleyi Emerton, 1925
Theridion wallacei Schenkel, 1950
Theridion fieldi Levi, 1951
CA, CT, IL, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MI, MN, NJ, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, OR, UT, WI
hidalgo Levi, 1957 USA, Mexico
TX
impressum L. Koch, 1881 Holarctic
Allotheridion impressum (L. Koch, 1881)
Theridion frigicola Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947
AB, AK, BC [West et al., 1984], NT, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001],
YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
intritum (Bishop & Crosby, 1926) USA
Dipoena intritum Bishop & Crosby, 1926
Allotheridion intritum (Bishop & Crosby, 1926)
Theridion indianorum Gertsch & Archer, 1942
AL, FL, GA
istokpoga Levi, 1957 USA to Panama
FL
kawea Levi, 1957 USA, Mexico
Female only.
CA, UT
lawrencei Gertsch & Archer, 1942 USA
BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CA, ID, OR, WA
leechi Gertsch & Archer, 1942 USA, Canada
BC, CA, CO, ID, OR, UT, WA, WY
leviorum Gertsch & Reichert, 1976 USA
NM
llano Levi, 1957 USA
TX
lyricum Walckenaer, 1841 Holarctic
Allotheridion lyra (Hentz, 1850, transferred from Theridion)
Theridion kentuckyense Keyserling, 1884
AL, AR [Peck et al., 1971], CT, FL, GA, IA [Abraham, 1996], IN, KY, LA, MA, MI, MS, ME, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, ON, PA, QC [Paquin et al., 2001],
SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, VA, WI
melanostictum O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 Mediterranean, USA, China, Japan
Theridion miami Levi, 1980
[not in Randolph & Levi, 1975]
melanurum Hahn, 1831 Holarctic, Azores
Aranea denticulate Walckenaer, 1802 (preoccupied)
Allotheridion dorsatum (Banks, 1897, transferred from Theridion)
Theridion pictulum Banks, 1908
Theridion stanfordi Emerton, 1924
Theridion bishopi Schenkel, 1950
BC, CA, ID, UT
michelbacheri Levi, 1957 USA
CA, MT, OR, WA
montanum Emerton, 1882 USA, Canada, Norway, Finland, Russia
Allotheridion montanum (Emerton, 1882)
AB, AK, BC, CO, MB, ME, MI, MN, MT, NF, NH, NM, NS, NY, ON, OR, PE [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, UT, VA, VT, WA, WY, YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
morulum O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 USA, Mexico
Steatoda morula (O. P.-Cambridge, 1898)
Theridion jeanae Gertsch & Archer, 1942
AZ
murarium Emerton, 1882 North America
Allotheridion murarium (Emerton)
“S Canada to N Mexico, throughout US, especially eastern US” [Levi & Randolph, 1975]
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], AL, AR, AZ, BC, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, LA, MA, MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MN, MS, MT, NC, ND, NE, NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NH, NJ, NM, NS, NY, OH, OK, ON, OR, PA, QC, RI, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], SD, SK, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI
myersi Levi, 1957 USA, Mexico
FL, TX [Breene et al. 1993]
neomexicanum Banks, 1901 USA, Canada
Theridion placens Keyserling, 1884 (preoccupied)
Theridion placidum Roewer, 1942
AZ, BC, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, OR, UT, WA
neshamini Levi, 1957 USA
AR [Peck et al., 1971], DE [Culin, 1978], GA, IL, NC, OH [Bradley, unpub.], PA, VA
orlando (Archer, 1950) USA
Allotheridion orlando Archer, 1950
FL, GA, LA
pennsylvanicum Emerton, 1913 USA, Canada
Allotheridion pennsylvanicum (Emerton, 1913)
AL, CT, FL, IL, MA, MD, MO, NC, NJ, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN
petraeum L. Koch, 1872 Holarctic
Allotheridion petraeum (L. Koch, 1872)
Theridion maxillare Emerton, 1913 (preoccupied)
Theridion maxillatum Roewer, 1942
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CA, CO, ID, ME, MI, NB, ND, NE, NF [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], UT, WA,
YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
pictipes Keyserling, 1884 USA
Allotheridion pictipes (Keyserling, 1884)
AL, FL, GA, OH [Bradley, unpub.], SC
pictum (Walckenaer, 1802) Holarctic
Aranea picta Walckenaer, 1802
Allotheridion pictum (Walckenaer, 1802, transferred from Steatoda)
Allotheridion ornatum Hahn, 1831 (transferred from Theridion; preoccupied specific name validated by ICZN)
Allotheridion zelotypum (Emerton, 1882, transferred from Theridion)
AB, BC [West et al., 1984], ID, IL [Kaston, 1955], MA, MB, ME, MI, MN [Heimer et al. 1983], MT, NE, NH, NS, NT, NY, ON, QC, SD, SK, UT, WA, WI, WY
positivum Chamberlin, 1924 USA, Mexico, West Indies to Paraguay
Theridion detractum Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936
Theridion cybele Bryant, 1942
Theridion denisi Caporiacco, 1955
CA, TX
punctipes Emerton, 1924 USA, Mexico
CA, OR, WA
punctosparsum Emerton, 1882 USA
Allotheridion punctosparsum (Emerton, 1882)
AR, CT, IL [Kaston, 1955], KY, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], TN, TX [Vogel, 1970]
rabuni Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 USA, Bahama Is.
Theridion reticulateum Muma, 1944
Theridion mumae Roewer, 1951
AR [Dorris, 1985], BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CA, CO, DE [Culin, 1978], GA, MD, NC, NE, NJ, NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], SD, SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TX, UT
saanichum Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947 USA, Canada
AK, BC [West et al., 1984], CA, OR, WA
sardis Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 USA
Theridion sarde Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944
Male only.
GA
submissum Gertsch & Davis, 1936 USA, Mexico, Bahama Is., Jamaica
AZ, NM, TX
timpanogos Levi, 1957 USA
Female only.
UT
tinctum (Walckenaer, 1802) Holarctic
Aranea tincta Walckenaer, 1802
Steatoda irrorata C. L. Koch, 1838
Steatoda puctulata Menge, 1868
AR [Dorris, 1985], BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], OR, WA
transgressum Petrunkevitch, 1911 USA, Mexico
Steatoda compressa F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902
Theridion rotundatum Petrunkevitch, 1911
Theridion ritae Gertsch & Archer, 1942
AZ, CO, NM, UT
varians Hahn, 1833 Holarctic [Introduced?]
Allotheridion varians (Hahn, 1833)
Theridion kratochvili Kolosvary, 1934
[Possibly introduced from Europe, according to Bragg & Leech, 1972]
BC, WA
yuma Levi, 1963 USA
Male only.
AZ
emertoni Levi, 1954 USA, Canada
AB, AR [Dorris, 1968], BC, CT, DE [Culin, 1978], MA,
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], ME, MI, MS [Dorris, 1972], NF, NH, NS, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, QC, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985],
SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, WI, WV
gonygaster (Simon, 1873) Cosmopolitan
Theridion gonygaster Simon, 1873
Theridula opulenta albomaculata Franganillo, 1936
Theridula regia Gertsch & Archer, 1942
AZ, FL
opulenta (Walckenaer, 1841) Cosmopolitan
Theridion opulenta Walckenaer, 1841
Theridula sphaerula (Hentz, 1850)
Theridula quadripunctata (Keyserling, 1886)
AL, AR [Dorris, 1985], DC, FL, GA, IL [Kaston, 1955], IN, KY, LA, MD, MN [Heimer et al. 1983], MO, MS, NC, NJ, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], OR, PA, SC, TN, TX, UT, VA, WV
camano (Levi, 1957) USA
Paidisca camano Levi, 1957
BC [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], CA, OR, UT, WA
expulsus (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) USA, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica
Paidisca expulsa (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936, Transferred from Theridion, Tholocco)
Sphyrotinus expulsus (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936)
AL, CA, FL, LA, NC, TX
illudens (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) USA to Colombia
Sphyrotinus illudens (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936, transferred from Paidisca)
TX
maderae (Gertsch & Archer, 1942) USA to Panama
Paidisca maderae (Gertsch & Archer, 1942, transferred from Theridion, Tholocco)
Sphyrotinus maderae (Gertsch & Archer, 1942)
AZ
marxi (Crosby, 1906) USA, Mexico
Paidisca marxi (Crobsy, 1906, transferred from Histagonia)
Sphyrotinus marxi (Crosby, 1906)
AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, MD, MO, MS, NC, NJ, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], TN, TX, VA
minero Roth, 1992 USA
AZ [Richman & Cutler, website]
minnesota Levi, 1964 USA
AB [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], BC [West et al., 1984], MI, MN,
NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], QC [Paquin et al., 2001],
SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
missionensis (Levi, 1957) USA to Costa Rica
Sphyrotinus missionensis (Levi, 1957, transferred from Paidisca)
TX
oleatus (L. Koch, 1879) Holarctic (including Greenland)
Theridion oleatus L. Koch, 1879
Thymoites petrensis (Sørensen, 1898, transferred from Theridion)
BC, NT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], YT [Buckle & Paquin, 2001]
pallidus (Emerton, 1913) USA, Mexico, West Indies to Venezuela
Sphyrotinus pallida (Emerton, 1913, transferred from Tholocco, Dipoena, Paidisca)
Theridion edinburgensis (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936, transferred from Tholocco)
Thymoites cubanus (Bryant, 1940, transferred from Dipoena)
Thymoites wallacei (Gertsch & Archer, 1942, transferred from Theridion)
CA, CO, FL, GA, MA, MS, NC, NY, RI, TN, TX, UT
pictipes (Banks, 1904) USA
Dipoena pictipes Banks, 1904
Tholocco pictipes (Banks, 1904)
Paidisca pictipes (Banks, 1904)
Theridion catalinae Gertsch & Archer, 1942
Thymoites hansi (Schenkel, 1950, transferred from Theridion)
AZ, CA, OR, WA
sarasota (Levi, 1957) USA
Paidisca sarasota Levi, 1957
Female only.
FL
sclerotis (Levi, 1957) USA, Mexico
Sphyrotinus sclerotis (Levi, 1957, transferred from Paidisca)
Female only.
AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], NM
unimaculatus (Emerton, 1882) USA, Canada
Tholocco unimaculatus (Emerton, 1882, transferred from Theridion)
Paidisca unimaculata (Emerton, 1882)
Thymoites amputata (Keyserling, 1884, transferred from Theridion, Tholocco)
Thymoites lascivulus (Keyserling, 1886, transferred from Dipoena)
Thymoites nicoleti (Keyserling, 1886, transferred from Theridion)
Thymoites imparatus (Bishop & Crosby, 1928, transferred from Theridion)
Thymoites paradisiacus (Gertsch & Archer, 1942, transferred from Theridion)
AL, CT, FL, GA, IA [Abraham, 1996], IL, IN, LA, MA,
MB [Aitchison-Benell and Dondale, 1990], MD, ME, MI, MN, MS, NC, NJ,
NS [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON, PA, QC, RI,
SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], SK [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], TN, TX, WI
haemorrhoidale (Bertkau, 1880) USA to Argentina
Tidarren fordulum (Banks, 1909, transferred from Theridion)
Tidarren texanum (Banks, 1910)
Tidarren minor Chamberlin & Ivie, 1934
AZ [Richman & Cutler, website], CA, FL, TX [Vogel, 1970, Breene et al. 1993]
sisyphoides (Walckenaer, 1841) USA to Columbia, West Indies
Theridion sisyphoides Walckenaer, 1841
Tidarren ansatum (Walckenaer, 1841, transferred from Theridion)
Tidarren fordum (Keyserling, 1884)
Tidarren probum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1899, transferred from Dipoena)
AL, AR [Dorris, 1985], AZ, CA, FL, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TX
congener O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 USA, West Indies to Brazil
[previously synonymized with W. atropunctatus because congener is preoccupied in Theridion when it was transferred from Crustulina, but not preoccupied in Wamba]
Wamba atropunctatus (Petrunkevitch, 1930, transferred from Theridion)
Theridion brevipalpe Bryant, 1942
Theridion dianae (Bryant, 1947, transferred from Allodipoena)
FL
crispulus (Simon, 1895) Canada to Brazil, West Indies
Theridion intervallatum Emerton, 1915
Theridion realisticum Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936
Theridion chinda Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944
Theridion blandum Kaston, 1945
AL, AR [Peck et al., 1971], CA, FL, GA, LA, MA, MD, ME, MS, NC, NH, NS, NY, OH [Bradley, unpub.], ON [Buckle & Paquin, 2001], OR, SC [Gaddy & Morse, 1985], TN, TX, VA
Generic Synonymy
Achaea = Achaearanea
Allodipoena = Wamba
Allotheridion = Theridion
Ancyclorrhanis = Pholcomma
Archerius = Comaroma, transferred to Anapidae
Arctachaea = Chrysso
Ariamnes = Argyrodes
Asagena = Steatoda
Chindellum = Coleosoma
Comaroma: Transferred to Anapidae
Conopistha = Argyrodes
Coressa = Theonoe
Cryptachaea = Achaearanea
Ctenium = Robertus
Dipoenoides = Euryopis
Emertonella = Euryopis
Garritus = Robertus
Hentziectypus = Achaearanea
Histagonia = Thymoites
Lithyphantes = Steatoda
Mufila = Euryopis
Neottiura = Theridion
Oronota = Phoroncidia
Pachydactylus = Dipoena
Paidisca = Thymoites
Parasteatoda = Achaearanea
Pedanostethus = Robertus
Pselothorax = Dipoena
Rhomphaea = Argyrodes
Sphyrotinus = Thymoites
Teutana = Steatoda
Theridiotis = Chrosiothes
Tholocco = Thymoites
Ulesanis = Phoroncidia
Specific Synonymy
Synonymy of specific epithets is part of the main list. Search for the specific epithet in question (using the “Find” function) to determine whether that epithet is currently valid and what genus it is placed in.
Platnick, N. I. 1993. Advances in spider taxonomy, 1988-1991 with synonymies and transfers, 1940-1980. New York Entomological Society, New York, NY. 846 pp.
Platnick, N. I. 1997. Advances in spider taxonomy, 1992-1995 with redescriptions, 1940-1980. New York Entomological Society, New York, NY. 976 pp.
Platnick, N. I. 2000. Estimated spider numbers. American Arachnology 61: 8-9.
Platnick, N. I. 2001. World Spider Catalog-Theridiidae. http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog81-87/Theridiidae.html
Randolph, D. E. and H. W. Levi. 1975. A key and checklist of American spiders of the family Theridiidae north of Mexico (Araneae). J. Arachnology 3: 31-51.
Archer, A. F. 1950. A study of theridiid and mimetid spiders with descriptions of new genera and species. Geological Survey of Alabama Museum Paper 30. 39 pp.
Chamberlin, R. V. and W. Ivie. 1934. A new genus of theridiid spiders in which the male develops only one palpus. Bull. Univ. Utah (Biological Series) 2(4): 1-18.
Dobyns, J. R. and J. E. Bond. 1996. A new species of Theridion from northeastern Georgia (Araneae, Theridiidae). J. Arachnology 24: 89-92.
Exline, H. and H. W. Levi. 1962. American spiders of the genus Argyrodes (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 127(2): 75-202, 15 pl.
Gertsch, W. J. and S. Mulaik. 1936. New spiders from Texas. Am. Mus. Nov. 863. 22 pp.
Gertsch, W. J. 1960. The fulva group of the spider genus Steatoda (Araneae, Theridiidae). Am. Mus. Nov. 1982. 48 pp.
Kaston, B. J. 1946. North American spiders of the genus Ctenium. Am. Mus. Novitates 1306. 19 pp.
Kaston, B. J. 1970. Comparative biology of American black widow spiders. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Trans. 16(3): 33-82.
Levi, H. W. 1953. Spiders of the genus Dipoena from America North of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae). Am. Mus. Nov. 1647. 39 pp.
Levi, H. W. 1954. The spider genera Episinus and Spintharus from North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Araneae: Theridiidae). J. New York Entomol. Soc. 62(2): 65-90.
Levi, H. W. 1954. Spiders of the genus Euryopis from North and Central America (Araneae, Theridiidae. Am. Mus. Nov. 1666. 48 pp.
Levi, H. W. 1954. The spider genus Theridula in North and Central America and the West Indies (Araneae: Theridiidae). Trans. Am. Microscopical Soc. 73(4): 331-343.
Levi, H. W. 1955. The spider genera Chrysso and Tidarren in America (Araneae: Theridiidae). J. New York Entomol. Soc. 63: 59-81.
Levi, H. W. 1955. The spider genera Coressa and Achaearanea in America North of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae). Am. Mus. Nov. 1718, 33 pp.
Levi, H. W. 1955. The spider genera Oronota and Stemmops in North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Araneae: Theridiidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 48: 333-342.
Levi, H. W. 1956. The spider genera Neottiura and Anelosimus in America (Araneae: Theridiidae). Trans. Am. Microscopical Soc. 75(4): 407-422.
Levi, H. W. 1957. The North American spider genera Paratheridula, Tekellina, Pholcomma and Archerius (Araneae: Theridiidae). Trans. Am. Microscopical Soc. 76(2): 105-115.
Levi, H. W. 1957. Spiders of the new genus Arctachaea (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche 64: 102-106.
Levi, H. W. 1957. The spider genera Crustulina and Steatoda in North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 117(3): 367-424, 14 pl.
Levi, H. W. 1957. The spider genera Enoplognatha, Theridion, and Paidisca in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 112(1): 1-123.
Levi, H. W. 1959. The spider genus Coleosoma (Araneae, Theridiidae). Breviora Mus. Comp. Zool. 110: 8 pp., 1 pl.
Levi, H. W. 1959. The spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Trans. Am. Microscopical Soc. 78(1): 7-43.
Levi, H. W. 1960. The spider genus Styposis (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche (1959) 66 (1-2): 13-19.
Levi, H. W. 1962. More American spiders of the genus Chrysso (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche 69: 209-237.
Levi, H. W. 1962. The spider genera Steatoda and Enoplognatha in America (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche 69(1): 11-36.
Levi, H. W. 1963. American spiders of the genus Achaearanea and the new genus Echinotheridion (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 129(3): 187-240.
Levi, H. W. 1963. American spiders of the genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 129(10): 481-589.
Levi, H. W. 1963. The American spider genera Spintharus and Thwaitsia (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche 70: 223-234.
Levi, H. W. 1963. The America spiders of the genus Anelosimus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Trans. Am. Microscopical Soc. 82(1): 30-48.
Levi, H. W. 1964. The spider genus Thymoites in America (Araneae: Theridiidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 130(7): 445-471.
Levi, H. W. 1964. American spiders of the genus Episinus (Araneae: Theridiidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 131(1): 25 pp, 5 pl.
Levi, H. W. 1964. American spiders of the genus Phoroncidia (Araneae: Theridiidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.131(3): 65-86.
Levi, H. W. 1964. The American spiders of the genera Styposis and Pholcomma (Araneae, Theridiidae). Psyche 71(1): 32-39.
Levi, H. W. 1964. The spider genera Stemmops, Chrosthiothes, and the New Genus Cabello from America. Psyche 71(2): 73-92.
Levi, H. W. 1966. American spider genera Theridula and Paratheridula (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche 73(2): 123-130.
Levi, H. W. 1967. Cosmopolitan and pantropical species of theridiid spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae). Pacific Insects 9(2): 175-186.
Levi, H. W. 1969. Notes on American theridiid spiders. Psyche 76(1): 68-73.
Levi, H. W. 1975. Description of the female of the spider Pholcomma carota (Arachnida: Araneae, Theridiidae). Trans. Am. Microscopical Soc. 94(2): 281-282.
Piel, W. H. 1994. A new Chrosiothes spider from West Virginia (Araneae, Theridiidae). J. Arachnology 22: 181-184.
Abraham, B. J. 1996. An annotated checklist of the spiders of northwestern Iowa and the loess hills of western Iowa. J. Iowa Acad. Sci. 103(1-2): 46-51.
Aitchison-Benell, C. W. and C. D. Dondale. 1990. A checklist of Manitoba spiders (Araneae) with notes on geographic relationships. Naturaliste can. (Rev. Ecol. Syst.) 117: 215-237.
Allen, D. C., F. B. Knight, and J. L. Foltz. 1970. Invertebrate predators of the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus, in Michigan. Ann. Entomological Soc. Am. 63: 59-64.
Banks, N. 1899. Some spiders from northern Louisiana. Ent. Soc. Wash. 4: 188-195.
Berrien, J. 1997. Spiders of San Diego County [California]. http://www.sdnhm.org/research/entomology/sdspider.html.
Berry, J. W. 1970. Spiders of the North Carolina piedmont old-field communities. J. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Soc. 86(3): 97-105.
Bradley, R. A. 1997. Provisional list of Ohio spiders. http://www.marion.ohio-state.edu/SpiderWeb/ProvisionalSpiderList.htm. Version: 28 August, 1997. Available from author: Dept. Zool., Ohio State Univ., Marion, OH 43302. Bradley10@osu.edu.
Bragg, P. D. and R. E. Leech. 1972. Additional records of spiders (Araneida) and harvestmen (Phalangida) for British Columbia. J. Entomological Soc. British Columbia 69: 67-71.
Breene, R. G., R. L. Meagher, Jr., and D. A. Dean. 1993. Spiders (Araneae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Texas sugarcane fields. Florida Entomologist 76(4): 645-650.
Buckle, D. J. and P. Paquin. 2001. Checklist of the spiders of Canada and Alaska. Preliminary prepublication draft, unpublished. Most records from AB, SK, ON from Buckle collection. Other records from published literature, cited therein.
Culin, J.D. 1978. Additional spiders (Araneae) of Delaware. Ent. News 89(5-6): 145-146.
Cutler, B. 1973. Synanthropic spiders Araneae of the Twin Cities area. J. Minnesota Acad. Sci. 39: 38-39.
Dondale, C. D. and J. H. Redner. 1994. Spiders (Araneae) of six small peatlands in southern Ontario or Southwestern Quebec. Memoirs of the Entomological Soc. of Canada 169: 33-40.
Dorris, P. R. 1968. A preliminary study of the spiders of Clark County Arkansas compared with a five year study of Mississippi spiders. Arkansas Acad. Sci. Proc. 23: 33-37.
Dorris, P. R. 1972. A list of spiders collected in Mississippi. Notes of the Arachnologists of the Southwest 3: 1-4.
Dorris, P. R. and Y. J. McGaha. 1965. A list of spiders collected in northern Mississippi. Trans. Amer. Microscopical Soc. 84(3): 407-408.
Dorris, P. R. 1985. A checklist of the spiders of Arkansas. Arkansas Acad. Sci. Proc. 39: 34-39.
Drew, L. C. 1967. Spiders of Beaver Island Michigan. Pub. Mus. Michigan State Univ., Biol. Series 3(3): 157-207.
Gaddy, L. L. and J. C. Morse. 1985. Common spiders of South Carolina, with an annotated checklist. S. C. Agricultural Experiment Station Tech. Bull. 1094. 182 pp.
Heimer, S., W. Nentwig, and B. Cutler. 1983. The spider fauna of Itasca State Park (Minnesota, USA). Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde in Dresden 11(6): 119-124.
Kaspar, J. 1999. Species list of Wisconsin spiders. Unpublished list.
Kaston, B. J. 1955. Check list of Illinois spiders. Illinois Acad. Sci. Transactions 47: 165-172.
Koponen, S. 1994. Ground-living spiders, opilionids, and pseudoscorpions of peatlands in Quebec. Memoirs of the Entomological Soc. of Canada 169: 41-60.
Paquin, P., N. Dupérré and R. Hutchinson. 2001. Liste révisée des Araignées (Araneae) du Québec. Fabreries Supplement 10: 5-87.
Peck, W. B., L. O. Warren, and I. L. Brown. 1971. Spider fauna of shortleaf and loblolly pines in Arkansas. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 6(2): 87-94.
Richman, D. B. and B. Cutler. 1998. A preliminary list of the spiders (Araneae) of the arid southwest (Arizona, New Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas). http://taipan.nmsu.edu/people/richman/southwest.html.
Stiles, K. A. and V. G. Stevens. 1940. Studies of eastern Iowa spiders. Iowa Academy of Sci. 47: 333-342.
Vogel, B. R. 1966. Spiders from Powdermill Nature Reserve. J. New York Entomological Soc. 74(1): 55-58.
Vogel, B. R. 1970. Bibliography of Texas spiders. Armadillo Papers No. 2. 36 pp. [privately printed].
West, R., C. D. Dondale, and R. A. Ring. 1984. A revised checklist of the spiders (Araneae) of British Columbia. J. Entomological Soc. of British Columbia 81: 80-98.
This list compiled by Michael Draney on 13 September 2001